Sector coupling -- energy-sustainable economy of the future : fundamentals, model and planning example of a General Energy System (GES)

The core of the book is the presentation of a systematic, continuous and logical chain into the coupled total energy system (GES) of the future, which will lead to the fully sustainable use of renewable energies. Thus, unified models are proposed that are applicable to the subsystems/sectors throughout and allow the optimization of the entire GES. Appropriate algorithms and approaches are illustrated with numerous examples. This is embedded in the context of efforts to fully integrate energy generated from renewable sources into the GES. The overarching role of IT systems for secure operations has been emphasized in the book. The relevance of the correct mapping of technologies to use cases is elaborated and necessary steps derived from this are considered technically and organizationally (standardization). Special attention is paid to the didactic presentation of the material in order to present this new, difficult and complex problem "as simple as possible, but not simpler" [according to Einstein]. Foreword 6 Preface 8 Contents 11 Abbreviations 14 1: Introduction: Climate Policy Goals of Sustainable Energy Supply 17 1.1 Why Do We Need a General Energy System (GES)? 17 1.1.1 World Population, Energy Resources and the ``Full World ́ ́ 17 1.1.2 Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions: From Kyoto Protocol to Paris Agreement to Green Deal 22 1.1.3 Sector Coupling: What Is It? 30 1.1.3.1 Introduction 30 1.1.3.2 Example Germany 32 1.2 Paradigm Shift in Electrical Energy Supply Due to Regenerative Generation 37 1.2.1 Power, Energy and Efficiency 37 1.2.2 Potentials of Renewable Generation 43 1.2.3 Dunkelflaute and Other Special Features 47 1.2.3.1 General Comments 47 1.2.3.2 Dunkelflaute 49 1.2.3.3 Frequency Maintenance: System Inertia. Can the Electric Power System Remain Stable Without Inertia? [42] 51 1.2.3.4 Offshore Wind and Green Power from Africa 55 References 57 2: Methodology and Model Design for Sector Coupling in the General Energy System (GES) 61 2.1 Modelling of a GES 61 2.1.1 Energy Hub Model 61 2.1.2 Temporal Resolution of Energy Flows 68 2.1.3 Substitution of Energy Sources 71 2.2 Optimisation of a GES 73 2.2.1 General Comments 73 2.2.2 Approaches to System Optimisation 76 2.2.2.1 Scenario-Based Optimization 76 2.2.3 Dynamic Programming According to Bellmann 84 2.2.3.1 Optimization by Means of Linear Programming 86 References 90 3: Energy Use Sectors and Their Energy Consumption 92 3.1 General Remarks 92 3.2 Energy Supply (Gas, Electricity, Heat) and the Role of Hydrogen (H2) 97 3.3 Industry: Net Zero Factory 99 3.4 Households 104 3.5 Transport: Electric Mobility 107 3.6 Trade: Commerce - Services (GHD) 110 References 114 4: Methodology of Modelling the Energy Hub Components 115 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Methodology for Modelling Generation Sectors 118 4.2.1 Electricity 118 4.2.1.1 Introduction 118 4.2.1.2 Modelling of Electricity Network Infrastructures 121 4.2.1.3 Simulation and Network Calculation Tool 127 4.2.2 Gas 128 4.2.2.1 Introduction 128 4.2.2.2 Modelling of Gas Network Infrastructures 130 4.2.2.3 Simulation and Software Tools 132 4.2.3 Heat 133 4.2.3.1 Introduction 133 4.2.3.2 Modelling of Heat Network Infrastructures 135 4.2.3.3 Simulation and Software Tools 136 4.2.4 Energy Market Design, Market Roles 137 References 139 5: Flexibility of a General Energy System (GES) 141 5.1 Safe Operation of the General Energy System (GES) 141 5.2 Energy Storage 148 5.3 Evaluation of Flexibility 155 5.3.1 Introduction 155 5.3.2 Flexgraphs 156 5.3.3 Buffer Characteristics 157 5.3.4 Variable and Fixed Power Profiles 158 5.3.5 15-min Energy Values 159 5.4 Legal Framework 161 5.4.1 Introduction 161 5.4.2 Disconnectable Loads 164 5.4.3 Interruptible Consumption Units 165 5.4.4 Future Flexibility, System-Side Needs Analysis 166 References 168 6: Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT): Digitalisation of the Energy Industry 170 6.1 Development of Balancing in the Energy System Using the Example of Electricity 170 6.2 Current Balancing for Electricity, Gas and Heat Markets 173 6.2.1 Basics of Energy Balancing Using the Example of Electricity 173 6.2.2 Metering Point Operation: Role of the Smart Meter Rollout 182 6.2.3 Market Communication and Measurement Data Analysis 188 6.2.4 Balancing: Comparison Between Gas and Electricity 189 6.3 Role of ICT and Other Innovations in the System Management (Electricity) of the Future 193 Literature 199 7: Perspectives of the General Energy System (GES) 201 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 European Perspective 202 7.3 China Perspective 207 7.4 USA Perspective 210 7.5 Building a Sustainable Hydrogen Economy (Example EU/Germany) 212 7.5.1 Introduction 212 7.5.2 Concept for Germany 213 7.5.3 Regional Concepts Using the Example of the Land of Saxony-Anhalt 214 References 216 Appendix 217 Conversion Chains (Energy Conversion Chains) of the Selected Processes (Table A.1) 217 Now that the energy turnaround has established itself at the beginning of this century as a buzzword but also as a trademark of the German way of generating energy from renewable sources, sector coupling can be understood as an extension of this idea to the entire economy. As far as the generation of electrical energy is concerned, the feasibility of a 100% renewable electrical energy system is now beyond doubt. It is therefore time to think about how the other sectors, apart from electricity, will function if 100% of energy is supplied as renewable electricity. Is that even possible? What other primary energy sources are needed, for example, to maintain the highly developed mobility of people or the industrial landscape? The content Climate Targets and Sustainable Energy Systems - Modelling the Energy Hub - Structure of Energy Consumption in Sectors - Storage Technologies and Systems - Sector Modelling - Flexibility Options and Digitalisation of the GES - International Perspective The target group - Students and lecturers from the fields of energy technology, energy systems engineering, electrical engineering and energy economics - Practitioners interested in a refresher course and career changers in the energy sector The authors As active contemporary witnesses, the authors have accompanied the energy transition in Germany and Europe for more than 20 years. In development, applied research and industrial application, they have investigated a wide range of topics in this field within the framework of numerous joint projects. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Przemyslaw Komarnicki is head of the Department of Energy Systems and Infrastructures (ESI) at the Fraunhofer Institute IFF in Magdeburg and professor of electrical power systems engineering at Magdeburg-Stendal University. Dipl.-Ing. Michael Kranhold is director of Customor Management and Grid Sattlement Department at the transmission system operator 50Hertz Transmission GmbH in Berlin. He is a member of ETG and CIGRE. Univ. Prof. Dr. Zbigniew A. Styczynski was head of the Chair of Electrical Grids and Alternative Sources of Electrical Energy at Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg until April 2015. This book is a translation of an original German edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation