Secondary Metabolites Based Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Applications

Nanotechnology is gaining importance in every field of science and technology. Green synthesis of nanomaterials involves the use of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses; and different lower and higher plants. Green synthesis of nanomaterials from plant extracts becoming popular in comparison to synthesis using microorganisms. Plant based-nanomaterials synthesis is easy, have no need to bring back from the culture medium, and is safe. Additionally, plant-based nanomaterials are eco-friendly, in comparison to physical and chemical modes of synthesis. Several lower and higher plants are rich in terms of secondary metabolites. These metabolites have been used as medicine in crude extract form or with some other formulations. They have been also used to isolate the bioactive compounds in modern medicine as well as in herbal medicine systems. Thus, phytochemicals present in the plant and their parts play an important role in nanomaterials synthesis, mainly due to the presence of a significant number of secondary metabolites, for instance, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, etc. Further, essential and aromatic oils have been also explored for nanomaterials synthesis, and they are also equally useful in terms of their various biological applications. These organic ingredients come from a wide range of plant components, such as leaves, stems, roots, shoots, flowers, bark, and seeds. Globally, the presence of different plants has shown a capability to produce huge and diverse groups of secondary metabolites. The functional groups present in the plant extract acts as capping and stabilizing agent. Most of the time, pure isolated bioactive compounds are more biologically active; hence scholars are focusing their research on the synthesis of nanomaterials using some particular class of secondary metabolites. Investigations have shown that the green synthesized nanomaterials were found to be more biologically active in comparison to chemically synthesized nanomaterials. These nanomaterials and or nanocomposites found different applications especially in drug delivery, detection and cure of cancer cells, diagnosis of a genetic disorder, photoimaging, and angiogenesis detection. They have also shown several applications in agricultural, horticultural as well as forestry sectors. The book in hand covers a wide range of topics as mentioned above. It incorporates chapters that the authors have skilfully crafted with clarity and precision, reviewing up-to-date literature with lucid illustrations. The book would cater to the need of graduate students as a textbook and simultaneously be useful for both novices and experienced scientists and or researchers working in the discipline of nanotechnology, nanomedicine, medicinal plants, plant science, economic botany, chemistry, biotechnology, pharmacognosy, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemistry, and many other interdisciplinary subjects. It should also inspire industrialists and policy makers associated with plant-based nano products. Cover Smart Nanomaterials Technology Series Secondary Metabolites Based Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Applications Copyright Dedication Preface About This Book Contents About the Editor Plant-Based Metabolites and Their Uses in Nanomaterials Synthesis: An Overview 1. Introduction 2. Traditional Approaches to Metals 3. Different Methodology for the Development of Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis 4. Effect on the Different Parts of Plants Applied to Synthesize Metallic NPs 5. Role of Stem Based Green Synthesized of Nanoparticle (NPs) 6. Role of Fruits Mediated Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 7. Effect of Seeds Mediated Green Synthesized of Nanoparticle (NPs) 8. Effect of Leaves Mediated Green Synthesized of Nanoparticle (NPs) 9. Role of Flowers as a Source for NPs Production (NPs) 10. Pharmacological Application of Metallic Nanoparticles 10.1 Anti-Bactericidal Efficiency of Plant Based Green Synthesized Metallic Nanoparticles 10.2 Anti-Fungicidal Efficacy of Plant Based Green Synthesized Nanoparticles 10.3 Effect of Metallic Nanoparticles Exhibiting Anti-Plasmodial Action Effect 10.4 Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Nanoparticles 10.5 Research on the Anticancer Effects Mediated by Plant Based Green Synthesized Nanoparticles 10.6 Antiviral Effects of Metallic Nanoparticles 10.7 Anti-Diabetic Management of Metallic Nanoparticles 10.8 Nanoparticles Generated from Plants Have Anti-Oxidative Mechanisms 10.9 The Role that Secondary Metabolites Play in the Bio-Reduction Process 11. Utilization of Biologically Synthesized Nanostructures in the Commercial Sector 12. Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmetics Production 13. The Application of Nanoparticles in the Food Industry 14. Components that Play a Role in the Production of Metallic Nanoparticles 15. Conclusion References Alkaloids: A Suitable Precursor for Nanomaterials Synthesis, and Their Various Applications 1. Introduction 2. The Importance of Alkaloids 3. Methods of Nanomaterials Synthesis 3.1 Chemical-Mediated Methods 3.2 Physical Methods 4. Synthesis of Nanomaterials Based on Alkaloids 4.1 Bio-Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Using Plant Derived Alkaloids 4.2 Bio-Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Using Microorganisms 4.3 Nanomaterials Characterization Techniques 4.4 Applications of Nanomaterials 4.5 Safety Considerations 4.6 Challenges and Future Prospects 4.7 Conclusion References Flavonoids Mediated Nanomaterials Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Applications 1. Introduction 2. Flavonoids: A Large Group of Phenolic Compounds 3. VOS Viewer Aided Analysis of Flavonoid-Mediated Nanomaterials 4. Synthesis and Characterization of Flavonoid-Mediated Nanomaterials 5. Together is Better: Flavonoids to Meet the Demand for Multifunctional Nanomaterials 5.1 Hesperidin 5.2 Rutin 5.3 Quercetin 5.4 Tannin and Tannic Acid 5.5 Naringin and Naringenin 5.6 Kaemferol 6. Conclusion References Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials from Carotenoids 1. Introduction 2. Sources of Carotenoids 3. Classification of Carotenoids 4. Carotenoid-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials 4.1 Metal-Based NPs 4.2 Metal Oxide NPs 4.3 Carbon-Based NPs 4.4 Selenium NPs (SeNPs) 5. Applications of Carotenoid-Based NPs 5.1 Biomedical 5.2 Environment 5.3 Electrochemical 6. Conclusion References Terpenoids in Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Application 1. Introduction 1.1 Metallic Nanoparticles 1.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 2. Properties 2.1 Optical Properties 3. Pharmacological Application of Terpenoid-Mediated Nanoparticles 4. Antimicrobial Activity 5. Conclusion References Lignin and Their Role in Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications 1. Introduction 2. Structure and Properties of Lignin 3. Classification of Lignin 4. Extraction of Lignin 4.1 Kraft Process 4.2 Sulphite Process 4.3 Organosolv Process 4.4 Neutral Sulphite Semi-Chemical (NSSC) Process 4.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process 5. Role of Lignin in Synthesis of Nanomaterials 6. Application of Lignin Nanomaterials 7. Future Perspective and Conclusions References Nanomaterials Synthesis Using Saponins and Their Applications 1. Introduction 2. Saponins and Their Properties 3. Biological Effect of Saponins 4. Characterization of Nanomaterials 5. Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Applications 6. Conclusion References Preparation of Nanomaterials Using Coumarin and Their Various Applications 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Coumarin 2.1 CDQs synthesis 3. Applications of Nanomaterials Synthesized by Coumarin Modifications 3.1 Photoluminescence (PL) and Fluorimetric Applications 3.2 Photo Crosslinking and Photo Dimerization Properties 3.3 Cell Imaging Properties of Modified Coumarin Derivatives 3.4 Optoelectronic Properties of Coumarin Modified Hybrid Nanocomposite Thin Films with CoOFe2O4 3.5 Fluorescent and Photoluminescence (PL) Properties 3.6 Biosensor Properties 3.7 Cytotoxic Investigations 3.8 Cell Visualization Studies 4. Conclusion References Aromatic Oil from Plants, and Their Role in Nanoparticle Synthesis, Characterization and Applications 1. Introduction 2. Essential Oil (EO) Chemical Composition and Applications 3. Extraction of Aromatic Oils 4. Therapeutic Properties of EOs 5. Nanoparticles (Nps) and Nano Drugs 6. EO Based NPs Synthesis 7. Conclusion References Essential Oils from Plants and Their Role in Nanomaterial Synthesis Characterization and Applications 1. Introduction 2. Essential Oils and Its Significance 3. Extraction of Essential Oils from Plants 4. Synthesis of Nano Materials from Plant Essential Oils 5. Issues in Nanoparticle Synthesis from Plant Essential Oils 6. Applications of Nanomaterials 7. Conclusion References Plant Leaf-Based Compounds and Their Role in Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications 1. Introduction 2. Chemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles (NPs) 3. Green Synthesis of (NPs) 3.1 Green Synthesis of (NPs) by Plant-Leaf Extracts 3.2 Green Synthesis of (NPs) by Different Phytochemicals 4. Green Chemistry-Based Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 5. Applications of Green Synthesis Nanoparticles in Health Care and Medicine 5.1 Anticancer and Drug Delivery 5.2 Antibacterial 5.3 Antiviral 5.4 Antifungal 5.5 Biosensing 5.6 Phototherapy 5.7 Theranostics 6. Advantages of Green Synthesis Over Chemical Synthesis 7. Conclusion References Flower-Based Compounds and Their Role in Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications 1. Introduction 2. Green Synthesis of NPs 3. Different Types of Flower-Mediated-NPs and it’s Characterization 3.1 Metallic NPs 3.2 Other Metallic Nanoparticles 3.3 Metallic Oxide Nanoparticles 4. Applications of Nanoparticles Synthesized from Floral Extracts 4.1 Antimicrobial Activity 4.2 Antioxidant Activity 4.3 Anticancer Activity 4.4 Insecticidal Activity 4.5 Catalytic Activity 5. Conclusion References Seed-Based Oil in Nanomaterials Synthesis and Their Role in Drug Delivery and Other Applications 1. Introduction 2. The Use of Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 3. The Chemical Makeup of Vegetable Oils 4. The Chemical Makeup of Essential Oils 4.1 Terpenes 4.2 Terpenes Hydrocarbon 4.3 Terpenoids 4.4 Phenylpropanoid 4.5 Straight Chain Compounds 4.6 Miscellaneous Group 5. Limitations in the Medical Practice of Plant Oils 6. Plant Oils-Loaded Nano-delivery Systems 7. Encapsulation in Polymer-Based Nanocarriers 8. Spray Drying 9. Emulsion Evaporation 10. Nanoprecipitation 11. General Nanoencapsulation of Colloidal Nanoparticles 12. Trends in Oil Nanoencapsulation 13. Application Status of Oil Nanoencapsulation 14. Nanoencapsulation Techniques Used in Various Oils 15. Incorporation of Nanoencapsulated Oils into the Food Market and Patent Application 16. Utilizing Lipid-Based Nanocarriers to Encase 16.1 Liposomes 16.2 Thin Lipid Film Hydration 16.3 Solvent Injection 16.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 16.5 High-Pressure Homogenization 16.6 Ultrasonication/High-Speed Homogenization 17. Application Agriculture Field 18. Food Field 19. Medicinal Field 19.1 Antimicrobial Activity 19.2 Larvicidal Activity 19.3 Antitumor Activity 19.4 Cosmetic Field 19.5 Textiles 20. Conclusion and Perspectives References Tree Bark and Their Role in Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications 1. Introduction 2. Metal NPs 2.1 Silver NPs (AgNPs) 2.2 Gold NPs (AuNPs) 3. Metal Oxide NPs 3.1 Titanium Oxide (TiO2) and Copper Oxide (CuO) NPs 3.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) NPs 4. Conclusions References Green and Cost-Effective Nanomaterials Synthesis from Aquatic Plants and Their Applications 1. Introduction 2. Green Synthesis of NMs 2.1 Using Microorganisms 2.2 Using Plants 3. Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials from Aquatic Plants 4. Characterization of Nanomaterials 5. Multifunctional Applications of NMs 5.1 Antimicrobial Properties 5.2 Antioxidant Performance 5.3 Anticancer Efficacy 5.4 Antibiofilm Study 5.5 Environmental Remediation 6. Concluding Remarks and Future Direction References Green and Cost-Effective Nanomaterials Synthesis from Desert Plants and Their Applications 1. Introduction 2. Nonmaterial Synthesis Methods 3. Green Synthesis of NPs from Desert Plants 3.1 Green Nanomaterials Characterization 3.2 The Advantages of Green Nanotechnology 3.3 The Disadvantages of Green Nanotechnology 3.4 Applications of Plant-NMs 4. Conclusion and Future Perspective References