Sea Peoples of Northern Levant? Aegean-Style Pottery From Early Iron Age Tell Tayinat : Aegean Style Ceramic Evidence for the Sea Peoples From Tell Tayinat

Drawing on many parallels from Philistia through the Levant, Anatolia, the Aegean Sea, and beyond, this research begins to fill a longstanding lacuna in the Amuq Valley and attempts to correlate with historical and cultural trends in the Northern Levant and beyond. SEA PEOPLES OF THE NORTHERN LEVANT?: AEGEAN-STYLE POTTERY FROM EARLY IRON AGE TELL TAYINAT 4 Table of Contents 6 Foreword 10 Acknowledgments 12 List of Figures 14 List of Tables 15 Plates 16 Abbreviations 17 1. The Late Helladic IIIC Tradition in the East Mediterranean 18 1.1 Introduction 18 1.2 History of Late Helladic IIIC Scholarship 19 1.3 Ongoing Research in the Region 27 1.4 Summary Observations 28 2. Survey of Early Iron Age Sites Relating to Tell Tayinat 30 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Anatolia/Cilicia 30 2.2.1 Kinet Hoyiik 30 2.2.2 Dagdbaz Hoyiik 32 2.2.3 Tarsus 33 2.2.4 Kilise Tepe 34 2.2.5 Tille Hoyiik 35 2.2.6 Malatya 36 2.2.7 Bademgedigi Tepe 36 2.2.8 Miletus 36 2.3 Inland Syria 37 2.3.1 Tell Afis 37 2.3.2 Hama 38 2.3.3 Ain Dara 38 2.3.4 Tell 'Acharneh 38 2.3.5 Tell Qarqur 38 2.4 Coastal Syria and Phoenicia 39 2.4.1 Ras Ibn Hani and Ras el-Bassit 39 2.4.2 Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) 39 2.4.3 Tell Tweini 40 2.4.4 Tell Kazel 40 2.4.5 Sarepta 41 2.4.6 Tyre 42 2.4.7 Tel Dor 42 2.5 Philistia 43 2.5.1 Tel Miqne (ancient Ekron) 43 2.5.2 Tel Ashdod 43 2.5.3 Tel Ashkelon 44 2.5.4 Tell es-Safi (ancient Gath) 45 2.5.5 Tell Qasile 45 2.6 Cyprus 45 2.6.1 Enkomi and Kition 46 2.7 Summary Observations 47 3. Archaeology of the Early Iron Age in the Amuq Valley and Vicinity 48 3.1 Amuq Valley Surveys and Settlement Patterns 48 3.1.1 Braidwood Survey 48 3.1.2 Amuq Valley Regional Project (AVRP) 49 3.1.3 Sabuniye 51 3.1.4 Tell Ğindāris 51 3.2 The Syrian-Hittite Expedition and Renewed Excavations 52 3.2.1 Tell Judaidah 52 3.2.2 Chatal Höyük 53 3.2.3 The Syrian-Hittite Expedition to Tell Tayinat (1935-38) 55 3.2.4 The Tayinat Archaeological Project (2004-present) 58 3.2.5 Tell Atchana (ancient Alalakh) 59 3.3 Summary Observations 60 4. The Tell Tayinat LH IIIC Assemblage 62 4.1 Introduction 62 4.1.1 The Tayinat Assemblage 62 4.1.2 Field 1 Excavations 63 4.1.2.1 Architecture and Stratigraphy 63 4.1.2.2 Ceramic Assemblage 66 4.1.3 Order of Presentation 66 4.2 Aegean-Style Bowls 67 4.2.1 Introduction 67 4.2.1.1 Deep Bowl (FS 284/285; Plates 1-6) 68 4.2.1.1.1 Deep Bowl Morphology 69 4.2.1.1.2 Deep Bowl Decoration 71 4.2.1.1.3 Summary Observations 75 4.2.1.2 Shallow Angular Bowl (FS 295) 76 4.2.1.3 One-Handled Conical Bowl (FS 242) 77 4.2.2 Summary Observations 77 4.3 Aegean-Style Kraters 78 4.3.1 Introduction 78 4.3.2 Aegean Krater Shapes 79 4.3.3 Aegean Krater Assemblages 79 4.3.4 Kraters in the Amuq Valley 81 4.3.5 Tell Tayinat Krater Assemblage 82 4.3.5.1 Selection Strategy 82 4.3.5.2 Rim Typology and Morphology 83 KR-1 T-Shaped (KR-la Heavy, KR-lb Light) 83 KR-2a Square; KR-2b Rectangular 85 KR-3 Triangular (3a Regular, 3b Flat triangular) 86 KR-4 Oval 87 KR-S Everted (Sa Exterior Thickened, 5b Beveled, 5c Simple Flared) 88 KR-6 Inverted/Exterior Thickened 89 KR-7 Rounded 89 4.3.5.3 Miscellaneous Krater Shapes 90 4.3.5.4 Carinated Fragments 91 4.3.5.5 Summary Observations 91 4.3.5.6 Decoration 92 4.3.5.6.1 Introduction 92 4.3.5.6.2 Levantine Panel Style 94 4.3.5.6.3 Regional Parallels to the Levantine Panel Style 94 4.3.5.7 Krater Decoration at Tell Tayinat 95 4.3.5.7.1 Frieze-Style Decoration 95 Stacked Zigzag (some OMDS) (FM 61) 95 Solid-Painted Triangles 96 Cross-Hatched Triangles (FM 61) 97 Wavy Line Style (FM 53) 97 Stemless Spiral (FM 51) 98 Checkerboard (FM 56) 99 4.3.5.7.2 Miscellaneous Individual Motifs and Surface Treatments 99 Plain, Bands and Monochrome Decoration 99 Rosette (FM 17) 29 and Triglyph (FM 75) 100 Sea Anemone (FM 27)31 101 Double Axe (FM 35) 101 4.3.5.7.3 Pictorial Decoration 102 Bird Pictorial (TAP) 102 Bird Pictorial (Syrian-Hittite Expedition) 103 Fish Pictorial (TAP) 103 Anthropomorphic Pictorial (TAP) 104 4.3.6 Summary Observations 108 4.4 Aegean-Style Amphorae and Jars 109 4.4.1 Introduction 109 4.4.2 Morphology of the Tayinat Assemblage 110 4.4.2.1 Rim Typology 111 AJ-1 Oval 111 AJ-2 Triangular 113 AJ-3 Pro.filed 114 AJ-4 Hollow 114 AJ-5 Rounded; AJ-6 Simple; AJ-7 Flat 115 4.4.2.2 Aspects of Amphorae and Jar Forms 115 4.4.3 Decoration 117 4.4.3.1 Frieze-Style Decoration 117 Cross-Hatched Triangles (FM 61) 118 Herringbone (FM 58: 28-31) 118 Spiraliform Decoration (FM 51) 120 4.4.3.2 Individual Motifs 121 4.4.4 Summary Observations 123 4.5 Miscellaneous Forms and Sherds 124 4.5.1 Introduction 124 4.5.1.1 Trefoil-mouth jug (FS 137) 124 4.5.1.2 Feeding/Spouted Bottle (FS 159-162) 125 4.5.1.3 Pilgrim Flask (FS 186-188) 126 4.5.1.4 Pot-stand 126 4.5.1.5 Mug/Goblet (FS 224-228) 127 4.5.1.6 Aegean-style Cooking Pot 128 4.5.1.7 Unidentified Body Sherds 129 4.5.2 Summary Observations 130 5. Sea Peoples of the Northern Levant? Aegean-Style Pottery from Early Iron Age Tell Tayinat 132 5.1 A Mercantile Phenomenon? 135 5.2 The Result of Cypriot and/or CiliciaLinked Migration 136 5.3 How Much LH IIIC is in the Tayinat Assemblage? 137 5.4 Historical and Archaeological Synthesis 138 Tell Tayinat Pottery Plates (1-24) 142 Bibliography 192 Did an invasion of the Sea Peoples cause the collapse of the Late Bronze Age palace-based economies of the Levant, as well as of the Hittite Empire? Renewed excavations at Tell Tayinat in southeast Turkey are shedding new light on the critical transitional phase of the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age (ca. 1200–1000 B.C.), a period that in the Northern Levant has until recently been considered a “Dark Age,” due in large part to the few extant textual sources relating to its history. However, recently discovered epigraphic data from both the site and the surrounding region suggest the formation of an Early Iron Age kingdom that fused Hieroglyphic Luwian monumental script with a strong component of Aegeanizing cultural elements. The capital of this putative/erstwhile kingdom appears to have been located at Tell Tayinat in the Amuq Valley. More specifically, this formal stylistic analysis examines a distinctive painted pottery known as Late Helladic IIIC found at the site of Tayinat during several seasons of excavation. The assemblage includes examples of Aegean-style bowls, kraters, and amphorae bearing an array of distinctive decorative features. A key objective of the study distinguishes Aegean stylistic characteristics both in form and in painted motifs from those inspired by the indigenous culture. Drawing on a wide range of parallels from Philistia through the Levant, Anatolia, the Aegean Sea, the Greek Mainland, and Cyprus, this research begins to fill a longstanding lacuna in the Amuq Valley and attempts to correlate with major historical and cultural trends in the Northern Levant and beyond. “In Sea Peoples of the Northern Levant, Janeway ably navigates the complex context within which these data must be historically and archaeologically situated and provides a first look at the Aegeanizing ceramics from the Tell Tayinat assemblage that is both comprehensive and invaluable.... For researchers and scholars working within the complex material and historical tapestry of the Late Bronze–Early Iron Age transition in the eastern Mediterranean, this volume is highly recommended.'- Jeffrey P. Emanuel, Harvard University, in: American Journal of Archaeology 123.3 (2019)