Scour manual : current-related erosion

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Editorial Board Contributors Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgements List of main symbols List of main definitions 1 Introduction 1.1 General 1.2 Scope of this manual 1.3 Reading guide 2 Design process 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Boundary conditions 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Hydraulic conditions 2.2.3 Morphological conditions 2.2.4 Geotechnical conditions 2.3 Risk assessment 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Fault tree analysis 2.3.3 Safety factor 2.3.4 Failure probability approach 2.4 Protective measures 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Bed protection 2.4.3 Falling apron 2.4.4 Other counter measures 2.5 Examples 2.5.1 Introduction 2.5.2 Determination of the length of a bed protection with a reliability index 2.5.3 Determination of the failure probability using a FORM approach 2.5.4 Determination scour depth using a safety factor 3 Design tools 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mathematical scour and erosion models 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Types of modelling 3.2.3 Large-scale RANS models 3.2.3.1 Shallow water modelling 3.2.3.2 Turbulence modelling 3.2.4 High-resolution hydrodynamic models 3.2.4.1 Hydrodynamic model LES 3.2.4.2 Application of LES 3.2.4.3 Hydrodynamic model DNS 3.2.5 Particle-based multiphase models 3.2.5.1 Soil mechanics: MPM 3.2.5.2 Hydraulic model: SPH 3.3 General scour 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Overall degradation or aggradation 3.3.3 Constriction scour 3.3.4 Bend scour 3.3.5 Confluence scour 3.4 Local scour 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Time-dependent scour 3.4.3 Equilibrium scour 3.4.4 Conditions of transport 3.5 Geotechnical aspects 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Liquefaction 3.5.3 Effects of groundwater flow 3.5.4 Non-homogeneous subsoils 3.5.5 Upstream and side slopes 3.5.6 Failure length 3.6 Examples 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 Constriction scour 3.6.3 Critical slope angles and failure lengths 4 Initiation of motion 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Flow and turbulence characteristics 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Sills 4.2.3 Bridge piers and abutments 4.2.4 Indicative values of flow velocity and turbulence 4.3 Non-cohesive sediments 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Shields diagram 4.3.3 Design approaches 4.3.4 Critical flow velocity 4.3.5 Rock 4.4 Cohesive Sediments 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Critical shear stress 4.4.3 Critical flow velocity 4.4.4 Empirical shear stress formulas 4.4.5 Erosion rate 4.4.6 Peat 4.5 Examples 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Turbulence at bridge piers and groynes 4.5.2.1 Bridge Piers 4.5.2.2 Groynes 4.5.3 Critical flow velocity of peat 4.5.4 Critical mean flow velocity and critical bed shear stress in an open channel with sand dunes 4.5.5 Critical depth-averaged flow velocity according to Mirtskhoulava (1988) 4.5.6 Comparison critical strength of clay 5 Jets 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Flow characteristics 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Flow velocities 5.2.3 Hydraulic jump 5.3 Time scale of jet scour 5.4 Plunging jets 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 Calculation methods 5.4.3 Discussion 5.5 Two-dimensional culverts 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Calculation methods 5.5.3 Discussion 5.6 Three-dimensional culverts 5.6.1 Introduction 5.6.2 Calculation methods 5.6.3 Discussion 5.7 Ship-induced flow and erosion 5.7.1 Introduction 5.7.2 Scour due to the return current of a sailing vessel 5.7.3 Scour due to propeller and thruster jets 5.7.4 Discussion 5.8 Scour at broken pipelines 5.9 Scour control 5.10 Examples 5.10.1 Introduction 5.10.2 Two-dimensional scour downstream a broad-crested sill 5.10.3 Three-dimensional scour downstream a short-crested overflow weir 5.10.4 Two-dimensional scour downstream an under flow gate 6 Sills 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Flow characteristics 6.3 Scour depth modelling in the Netherlands 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Scour depth formula 6.3.3 Characteristic time 6.3.4 Relative turbulence intensity 6.3.5 Scour coefficient 6.3.6 Non-steady flow 6.3.7 Upstream supply of sediment 6.4 Upstream scour slopes 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Hydraulic and morphological stability criterion 6.4.3 Undermining 6.5 Additional measures 6.6 Field experiments 6.6.1 Introduction 6.6.2 Hydraulic and geotechnical conditions 6.6.3 Discussion 6.6.3.1 Upstream scour slope 6.6.3.2 Undermining 6.6.3.3 Time scale 6.6.3.4 Equilibrium scour depth 6.6.3.5 Evaluation brouwers dam experiments 6.6.4 Experiences Eastern Scheldt 6.7 Example 6.7.1 Introduction 6.7.2 Critical upstream scour slope downstream a sill 7 Abutments and groynes 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Geometry characteristics and flow patterns 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 Wing-wall abutments 7.2.3 Spill-through abutments 7.2.4 Vertical-wall abutments 7.2.5 Flow pattern 7.3 Dutch modelling 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Breusers approach 7.3.3 Closure procedures 7.4 Equilibrium scour depth 7.4.1 Introduction 7.4.2 Calculation methods 7.4.3 Discussion 7.5 Combined scour 7.5.1 Introduction 7.5.2 Combined local scour and constriction or bend scour 7.6 Failure mechanism and measures to prevent local scour 7.6.1 Introduction 7.6.2 Scour slopes 7.6.3 Outflanking 7.6.4 Riprap protection 7.7 Examples 7.7.1 Introduction 7.7.2 Scour due to lowering of existing abutments 7.7.3 Influence of the permeability of an abutment on the scour 8 Bridges 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Characteristic flow pattern 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Submerged bridges 8.3 Time scale 8.4 Equilibrium scour depth 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Calculation methods 8.4.3 Pressure scour 8.4.4 Discussion 8.5 Effects of specific parameters 8.5.1 Introduction 8.5.2 Pier shape 8.5.3 Alignment of the pier to the flow 8.5.4 Gradation of bed material 8.5.5 Group of piers 8.6 Scour slopes 8.6.1 Introduction 8.6.2 Single cylindrical pier 8.6.3 Other types of piers 8.6.4 Winnowing 8.7 Measures to prevent local scour 8.7.1 Introduction 8.7.2 Riprap protection 8.7.3 Mattress protection 8.7.4 Deflectors 8.8 Example 8.8.1 Introduction 8.8.2 Local scour around bridge piers 8.8.2.1 Slender piers 8.8.2.2 Wide piers 9 Case studies on prototype scale 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Camden motorway bypass bridge pier scour assessment (RHDHV) 9.2.1 Introduction 9.2.2 Assessment of scour 9.2.3 Scour assessment results 9.2.4 Constriction scour 9.2.5 Abutment scour 9.2.6 Pier scour 9.2.7 Numerical Model Verification 9.2.8 Scour mitigation 9.2.9 Conclusions 9.3 Project Waterdunen (Svasek) 9.3.1 Introduction 9.3.2 Bed protection 9.3.3 Hydraulic loads 9.3.4 Scour depth 9.3.5 Additional remarks 9.3.5.1 Gate control 9.3.5.2 Safety factors 9.3.5.3 Sensitivity calculations 9.3.5.4 Turbulence 9.4 Full-scale erosion test propeller jet (Deme) 9.4.1 Introduction 9.4.2 Objective of the full-scale erosion tests and estimated flow field 9.4.3 Scour prediction methods 9.4.4 Results 9.5 Scour due to ship thrusters in the Rotterdam port area (Port of Rotterdam) 9.5.1 Introduction 9.5.2 Full-scale test with inland vessels at the Parkkade 9.5.2.1 Scope 9.5.2.2 Observed scour depth versus predictions with Breusers formulas 9.5.2.3 Observed versus predicted scour for thrusters with PIANC formulas 9.5.2.4 Conclusions 9.5.3 Scour due to operational use of Maasvlakte quay wall for large seagoing container vessels 9.5.3.1 Observed scour 9.5.3.2 Computed scour 9.5.3.3 Conclusions 9.6 Crossing of high voltage power line (Witteveen & Bos) 9.6.1 Introduction 9.6.2 Scour for a single pier 9.6.3 Scour for multiple piers 9.6.4 Results and discussion 9.7 Scour development in front of culvert (van Oord) 9.7.1 Introduction 9.7.2 Initial bottom protection and scouring 9.7.3 New design bottom protection 9.7.4 Result redesign 9.8 Bed protection at railway bridge in a bypass of the river Waal (Deltares) 9.8.1 Introduction 9.8.2 Flow condition 9.8.3 Scouring 9.8.4 Designed bed protection 9.8.5 Final remarks 9.9 Pressure scour around bridge piers (Arcadis) 9.9.1 Introduction 9.9.2 Flow conditions 9.9.3 Scour computation 9.9.4 Results 9.10 Bed protection at the weir at Grave in the river Meuse (Rijkswaterstaat) 9.10.1 Introduction 9.10.2 Scope 9.10.3 Flow condition 9.10.4 Scour and bed protection 9.10.5 Condition after the flood 9.10.6 Hindcast References

The Material Point Method: A Continuum-Based Particle Method for Extreme Loading Cases systematically introduces the theory, code design, and application of the material point method, covering subjects such as the spatial and temporal discretization of MPM, frequently-used strength models and equations of state of materials, contact algorithms in MPM, adaptive MPM, the hybrid/coupled material point finite element method, object-oriented programming of MPM, and the application of MPM in impact, explosion, and metal forming.

Recent progresses are also stated in this monograph, including improvement of efficiency, memory storage, coupling/combination with the finite element method, the contact algorithm, and their application to problems.

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• Includes applications of MPM and its extensions in extreme events, such as transient crack propagation, impact/penetration, blast, fluid-structure interaction, and biomechanical responses to extreme loading

Extended Finite Element Method provides an introduction to the extended finite element method (XFEM), a novel computational method which has been proposed to solve complex crack propagation problems. The book helps readers understand the method and make effective use of the XFEM code and software plugins now available to model and simulate these complex problems. The book explores the governing equation behind XFEM, including level set method and enrichment shape function. The authors outline a new XFEM algorithm based on the continuum-based shell and consider numerous practical problems, including planar discontinuities, arbitrary crack propagation in shells and dynamic response in 3D composite materials. Authored by an expert team from one of China's leading academic and research institutions. Offers complete coverage of XFEM, from fundamentals to applications, with numerous examples. Provides the understanding needed to effectively use the latest XFEM code and software tools to model and simulate dynamic crack problems This classic reference provides an excellent text for understanding the nature and scope of sedimentation problems, methods for their investigation, and practical approaches to their solution. The book focuses on sediment control methods for watersheds, streams, canals, and reservoirs. Originally published in 1975, this is still considered the foremost text on sedimentation engineering. This classic edition, which includes a new index, will be beneficial to hydrologists, geomorphologists, sedimentologists, land-use planners, soil conservation specialists, and environmental, hydraulic, and agricultural engineers. Contents include: Nature of Sedimentation Problems; Sediment Transportation Mechanics; Sediment Measurement Techniques; Sediment Sources and Sediment Yields; Sediment Control Methods; Economic Aspects of Sedimentation; and American Sedimentation Law and Physical Processes. -- Provided by publisher Front Cover -- The Material Point Method -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Lagrangian Methods -- 1.2 Eulerian Methods -- 1.3 Hybrid Methods -- 1.3.1 Arbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian Method and Its Variations -- 1.3.2 Particle-In-Cell Method and Its Variations -- 1.3.3 Material Point Method -- 1.4 Meshfree Methods -- 2 Governing Equations -- 2.1 Description of Motion -- 2.2 Deformation Gradient -- 2.3 Rate of Deformation -- 2.4 Cauchy Stress -- 2.5 Jaumann Stress Rate -- 2.6 Updated Lagrangian Formulation Provides an introduction to the extended finite element method (XFEM), a novel computational method which has been proposed to solve complex crack propagation problems. This book is intended to help readers understand the method and make effective use of the XFEM code and software plugins now available to model and simulate these complex problems.