Scientific Exploration and Expeditions: From the Age of Discovery to the Twenty-first Century 1 and 2

Designed for high school, college, and general readers, this encyclopedia details expeditions made in the quest for scientific knowledge from the fifteenth century to the present day. Concise and appealing articles focus on the goals and accomplishments of the explorers and expeditions, and how the sciences - from anthropology to zoology - benefited from these voyages of discovery. Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 3 ISBN 9780765680761......Page 4 Volume 1......Page 5 Volume 2......Page 6 Sidebars......Page 7 Topic Finder......Page 9 INTRODUCTION......Page 11 Volume 1......Page 14 AFRICAN ASSOCIATION......Page 16 AMAZON RIVER AND BASIN......Page 18 AMUNDSEN, ROALD .1872.1928.......Page 21 ANDREWS, ROY CHAPMAN .1884.1960.......Page 29 ANTARCTICA......Page 34 ARCTIC......Page 39 BALLARD, ROBERT .1942. .......Page 44 BANKS, JOSEPH .1743.1820.......Page 51 BATES, HENRY WALTER .1825.1892.......Page 57 BEAGLE, VOYAGE OF THE......Page 60 BELL, GERTRUDE .1868.1926.......Page 64 BINGHAM, HIRAM .1875.1956.......Page 68 BOUGAINVILLE, LOUIS.ANTOINE DE .1729.1811.......Page 71 BRUCE, JAMES .1730.1794.......Page 74 BURTON, RICHARD FRANCIS .1821.1890.......Page 77 BYRD, RICHARD E. .1888.1957.......Page 82 CARTER, HOWARD .1874.1939.......Page 88 CHEESMAN, LUCY EVELYN .1881.1969.......Page 91 COMO BLUFF, WYOMING......Page 93 COOK, JAMES .1728.1779.......Page 95 COPE, EDWARD DRINKER .1840.1897.......Page 103 COUSTEAU, JACQUES.YVES .1910.1997.......Page 105 D......Page 109 DISCOVERY, AGE OF......Page 118 DUNBAR.HUNTER EXPEDITION......Page 126 EARLE, SYLVIA .1935. .......Page 130 EVEREST EXPEDITIONS......Page 133 EXPLORERS CLUB......Page 136 FLINDERS, MATTHEW .1774.1814.......Page 137 GOBI DESERT......Page 142 HAKLUYT SOCIETY......Page 144 HANBURY.TENISON, ROBIN .1936. ., AND MARIKA HANBURY.TENISON .1938.1982.......Page 146 HEDIN, SVEN .1865.1952.......Page 148 HENSON, MATTHEW .1866.1955.......Page 153 HEYERDAHL, THOR .1914.2002.......Page 155 HORNER, JOHN R. .1946. .......Page 163 HUMBOLDT, ALEXANDER VON .1769.1859.......Page 165 INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR......Page 171 INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR......Page 173 JONES, ALBERT JOSÉ .CA. 1935. .......Page 175 KINGDON.WARD, FRANK .1885.1958.......Page 176 KINGSLEY, MARY .1862.1900.......Page 178 LEAKEY FAMILY......Page 183 LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION .1804.1806.......Page 188 LIVINGSTONE, DAVID .1813.1873., AND HENRY MORTON STANLEY .1841.1904.......Page 197 Volume 2......Page 205 MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER .CA. 1764.1820.......Page 206 MALINOWSKI, BRONISLAW .1884.1942.......Page 208 MAPS AND MAPMAKING......Page 212 MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES .1831.1899.......Page 218 MEXIA, YNES .1870.1938.......Page 220 MOUHOT, HENRI .1826.1861.......Page 222 NANSEN, FRIDTJOF .1861.1930.......Page 224 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY......Page 229 NORDENSKJÖLD, ADOLF ERIK .1832.1901.......Page 232 OCEANOGRAPHY, HISTORY OF......Page 235 OSTROM, JOHN H. .1928.2005.......Page 242 PACIFIC EXPLORATION......Page 244 PARK, MUNGO .1771.1806.......Page 251 PEARY, ROBERT E. .1856.1920.......Page 255 POWELL EXPEDITIONS......Page 258 ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY......Page 263 RUSSIAN EXPLORATION......Page 265 SCHLIEMANN, HEINRICH .1822.1890.......Page 272 SCHULTES, RICHARD .1915.2001.......Page 278 SCHWEINFURTH, GEORG AUGUST .1836.1925.......Page 280 SCORESBY, WILLIAM .1789.1857.......Page 282 SCOTT, ROBERT FALCON .1868.1912.......Page 285 SHACKLETON, ERNEST .1874.1922.......Page 291 SOCIETY OF WOMAN GEOGRAPHERS......Page 298 SPACE EXPLORATION, MANNED......Page 300 SPACE EXPLORATION, UNMANNED......Page 314 SPEKE, JOHN HANNING .1827.1864.......Page 330 STARK, FREYA .1893.1993.......Page 334 THOMAS, ELIZABETH MARSHALL .1931........Page 337 VAN DER POST, LAURENS .1906.1996.......Page 339 WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL .1823.1913.......Page 344 WASHBURN, BRADFORD .1910.2007.......Page 349 WATERTON, CHARLES .1782.1865.......Page 353 WATKINS, GINO .1907.1932.......Page 355 WILKES EXPEDITION......Page 358 GLOSSARY......Page 364 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 369 A......Page 375 B......Page 377 C......Page 379 D......Page 381 E......Page 382 F......Page 384 G......Page 385 H......Page 386 I......Page 387 J......Page 388 L......Page 389 M......Page 390 N......Page 393 O......Page 395 P......Page 396 R......Page 398 S......Page 399 T......Page 402 U......Page 403 V......Page 404 W......Page 405 Z......Page 406 Cover Page 1 Title Page 3 ISBN 9780765680761 4 Contents 5 Volume 1 5 Volume 2 6 Sidebars 7 Topic Finder 9 INTRODUCTION 11 Volume 1 14 A 16 AFRICAN ASSOCIATION 16 AMAZON RIVER AND BASIN 18 AMUNDSEN, ROALD .1872.1928. 21 ANDREWS, ROY CHAPMAN .1884.1960. 29 ANTARCTICA 34 ARCTIC 39 B 44 BALLARD, ROBERT .1942. . 44 BANKS, JOSEPH .1743.1820. 51 BATES, HENRY WALTER .1825.1892. 57 BEAGLE, VOYAGE OF THE 60 BELL, GERTRUDE .1868.1926. 64 BINGHAM, HIRAM .1875.1956. 68 BOUGAINVILLE, LOUIS.ANTOINE DE .1729.1811. 71 BRUCE, JAMES .1730.1794. 74 BURTON, RICHARD FRANCIS .1821.1890. 77 BYRD, RICHARD E. .1888.1957. 82 C 88 CARTER, HOWARD .1874.1939. 88 CHEESMAN, LUCY EVELYN .1881.1969. 91 COMO BLUFF, WYOMING 93 COOK, JAMES .1728.1779. 95 COPE, EDWARD DRINKER .1840.1897. 103 COUSTEAU, JACQUES.YVES .1910.1997. 105 DARWIN, CHARLES .1809.1882. 109 D 109 DISCOVERY, AGE OF 118 DUNBAR.HUNTER EXPEDITION 126 E 130 EARLE, SYLVIA .1935. . 130 EVEREST EXPEDITIONS 133 EXPLORERS CLUB 136 F 137 FLINDERS, MATTHEW .1774.1814. 137 G 142 GOBI DESERT 142 H 144 HAKLUYT SOCIETY 144 HANBURY.TENISON, ROBIN .1936. ., AND MARIKA HANBURY.TENISON .1938.1982. 146 HEDIN, SVEN .1865.1952. 148 HENSON, MATTHEW .1866.1955. 153 HEYERDAHL, THOR .1914.2002. 155 HORNER, JOHN R. .1946. . 163 HUMBOLDT, ALEXANDER VON .1769.1859. 165 I 171 INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR 171 INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR 173 J 175 JONES, ALBERT JOSÉ .CA. 1935. . 175 K 176 KINGDON.WARD, FRANK .1885.1958. 176 KINGSLEY, MARY .1862.1900. 178 L 183 LEAKEY FAMILY 183 LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION .1804.1806. 188 LIVINGSTONE, DAVID .1813.1873., AND HENRY MORTON STANLEY .1841.1904. 197 Volume 2 205 M 206 MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER .CA. 1764.1820. 206 MALINOWSKI, BRONISLAW .1884.1942. 208 MAPS AND MAPMAKING 212 MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES .1831.1899. 218 MEXIA, YNES .1870.1938. 220 MOUHOT, HENRI .1826.1861. 222 N 224 NANSEN, FRIDTJOF .1861.1930. 224 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 229 NORDENSKJÖLD, ADOLF ERIK .1832.1901. 232 O 235 OCEANOGRAPHY, HISTORY OF 235 OSTROM, JOHN H. .1928.2005. 242 P 244 PACIFIC EXPLORATION 244 PARK, MUNGO .1771.1806. 251 PEARY, ROBERT E. .1856.1920. 255 POWELL EXPEDITIONS 258 R 263 ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY 263 RUSSIAN EXPLORATION 265 S 272 SCHLIEMANN, HEINRICH .1822.1890. 272 SCHULTES, RICHARD .1915.2001. 278 SCHWEINFURTH, GEORG AUGUST .1836.1925. 280 SCORESBY, WILLIAM .1789.1857. 282 SCOTT, ROBERT FALCON .1868.1912. 285 SHACKLETON, ERNEST .1874.1922. 291 SOCIETY OF WOMAN GEOGRAPHERS 298 SPACE EXPLORATION, MANNED 300 SPACE EXPLORATION, UNMANNED 314 SPEKE, JOHN HANNING .1827.1864. 330 STANLEY, HENRY MORTON. 334 STARK, FREYA .1893.1993. 334 T 337 THOMAS, ELIZABETH MARSHALL .1931.. 337 V 339 VAN DER POST, LAURENS .1906.1996. 339 W 344 WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL .1823.1913. 344 WASHBURN, BRADFORD .1910.2007. 349 WATERTON, CHARLES .1782.1865. 353 WATKINS, GINO .1907.1932. 355 WILKES EXPEDITION 358 GLOSSARY 364 BIBLIOGRAPHY 369 INDEX 375 A 375 B 377 C 379 D 381 E 382 F 384 G 385 H 386 I 387 J 388 K 389 L 389 M 390 N 393 O 395 P 396 Q 398 R 398 S 399 T 402 U 403 V 404 W 405 X 406 Y 406 Z 406 ISBN,9780765680761 This two-volume set, aimed at middle-school students, provides information on explorers and scientists, as well as their expeditions and investigations, in eighty articles. Beginning with the "Age of Discovery" (that is, approximately 1420, the time of Prince Henry the Navigator), this set summarizes the most important discoveries in fields from polar exploration and paleontology to African explorers, archeology, and anthropology, covering events up to mid-2009. Both important expeditions and essential discoveries by scientists such as Charles Darwin appear, and explorations on all seven continents are detailed. Other articles furnish surveys of related fields, such as maps and mapmaking, as well as space exploration. Additional overviews summarize the area explorations from the Amazon River to the Gobi Desert, while the major exploratory societies such as the National Geographic Society and the International Polar Year also have entries. Many lesser known people receive good coverage, such as Gertrude Bell (Middle East archeologist), Joseph Banks (botanist with Captain Cook), the Hanbury-Tenisons (ethnographers in Brazil and Indonesia), and Georg Schweinfurth (African explorer). Articles start with a very short timeline to help place material into context. Black and white illustrations occur sporadically; many are photographs of paintings or "in the field" photos, but most are not well reproduced. Nearly sixty sidebars give capsule histories of related objects such as Cousteaus ship Calypso, Heyerdahls Kon-Tiki, or insight into people or events, for example the Cook-Perry competition to reach the North Pole, the supposed "curse" of King Tut, and the Silk Road into China. Short lists of additional readings, mostly biographies or explorers journals about specific events as well as a few websites, are provided at the end of each article. The full contents are located in the front of volume 1, along with the list of available sidebar articles and a topic finder with all material grouped under major headings, while the index is found at the end of volume 2. The introduction contains a long discourse on Columbus, mostly discussing how his discoveries opened up a new age. The author includes two extensive quotes from Columbuss journal here, but Columbus himself does not have an article of his own; rather he is discussed as part of the article on the "Age of Discovery." Data on many prominent people (for example, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark) appear only in larger articles on their particular exploits. But the set should be applauded for its extended coverage, both on modern space exploits and on enhanced numbers of lesser known people in these fields. Suitable for middle school or public libraries who need updated information in this area. Scientific Exploration and Expeditions provides a unique perspective on expeditions made in the quest for scientific knowledge from the fifteenth century to the present day. Concise and appealing articles focus on the scientific goals and accomplishments of the explorers and expeditions, and how the sciences--from anthropology to zoology--benefited from these voyages of discovery. Designed for high school, college, and general readers, this encyclopedia supports curricula in science and history with broad historical and global coverage, as well as coverage of diverse disciplines and fields, such as oceanography, paleontology, and environmental science. It covers major expeditions and historical figures as well as lesser-known contemporary explorers and scientists, and highlights contemporary issues of global interest and concern such as polar ice caps and space exploration. The set includes a topic finder, chronologies, photos, original maps, sidebars, cross-references, a glossary, and a bibliography. --from publisher description Volume one of a two-volume set featuring alphabetically arranged entries from A to L profiling influential scientific expeditions and discoveries from the early fifteenth century to the early twenty-first century