Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Modern Japanese Empire (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia)

Science, technology, and medicine all contributed to the emerging modern Japanese empire and conditioned key elements of post-war development. As the only emerging non-Western country that was a colonial power in its own right, Japan utilized these fields not only to define itself as racially different from other Asian countries and thus justify its imperialist activities, but also to position itself within the civilized and enlightened world with the advantages of modern science, technologies, and medicine. This book explores the ways in which scientists, engineers and physicians worked directly and indirectly to support the creation of a new Japanese empire, focussing on the eve of World War I and linking their efforts to later post-war developments. By claiming status as a modern, internationally-engaged country, the Japanese government was faced with having to control pathogens that might otherwise not have threatened the nation. Through the use of traditional and innovative techniques, this volume shows how the government was able to fulfil the state’s responsibility to protect society to varying degrees. Chapter 14 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781138905337\_oachapter14.pdf Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents List of figures List of contributors Acknowledgement Note on transliteration Introduction Notes 1. On science and faith in the life of a Meiji engineer Introduction The school and the congregation The Kumamoto School for Western Learning: catching up with the Restoration Jesus the magician: conversion and misunderstanding Fighting against scientific atheism: the making of a Christian scientist? Theory and practice: from science teacher to chemical industry Working pressure The Religion of Jesus, spirits, and reincarnation Conclusion Notes 2. Academia–industry relations: interpreting the role of Nagai Nagayoshi in the development of new businesses in the Meiji period and beyond Introduction Nagai’s Meiji period industry role: Dainippon Seiyaku New businesses in the Taishō period: Naikoku Pharmaceutical Company Technological innovation at local businesses: the case of the Awa indigo business Industry–academia ties in Tokushima prefecture: Tomita Pharmaceutical Company Conclusions Notes 3. An emperor’s chemist in war and peace: Sakurai Jōji during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I Introduction Nationalism/patriotism echoed: Sakurai and William Ramsay at University College London Turning point: Sakurai during the Russo-Japanese War Sakurai during the First World War Conclusions Notes 4. Buddhism contra cholera: how the Meiji state recruited religion against epidemic disease Introduction A peculiar publication Cholera in Japan to 1880 Cultural reflections of cholera Text and context of Korera yobō no satoshi Conclusion Notes 5. The influenza pandemic of 1918, Taishō Democracy and freedom of the press during the Siberian Intervention The 1918 pandemic Taishō Democracy, the Osaka Asahi and the growth of press censorship Censorship, influenzas, and the Siberian Intervention Limited censorship: Taishō Democracy or special circumstances? Acknowledgements Notes 6. The politics of manic depression in the Japanese empire Manic depression and degeneration Manic depression, character, and crime Manic depression and civilized status Manic depression, climate, and Nanshin policy Conclusion Notes 7. A colony or a sanitorium? A comparative history of segregation politics of Hansen’s disease in modern Japan Introduction Legislation on the treatment of Hansen’s disease sufferers in prewar and wartime Japan Two proposed plans for the treatment of Hansen’s disease sufferers A free area for Hansen’s sufferers had already appeared Two plans by the Sanitation Investigation Council in 1920 and their consequences Conclusion Notes 8. “They are not human”: Hansen’s disease and medical responses to Hōjō Tamio Introduction The colonial encounter with Hansen’s disease in Japan Doctors reading Hōjō Tamio Patient experience in “Life’s First Night” Conclusion Notes 9. Dr. Baelz’s Mongolian spot: German medicine, discourse of race in Meiji Japan, and the local response Baelz’s integrative perspective on the Japanese “race” German medicine and the question of race in Japan The Japanese reaction and Baelz’s racial legacy Notes 10. When precision obscures: disease categories related to cholera during the Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) Introduction The Japanese Cholera during the war Quarantine efforts Conclusion Notes 11. Kampō in wartime Sino-Japanese relations: the Association of East Asian Medicine and the search for a tripartite medical partnership The Association of East Asian Medicine and tripartite medical partnership Programs and activities for a tripartite partnership Limitations and frustration in the wartime search for a tripartite partnership Conclusion Notes 12. The question of research in prewar Japanese physics Introduction Kitao Diro (Jirō) and local science Nagaoka and the Japanese capability for research Nakamura Seiji on the Imperial Institute for Physical Research and RIKEN Terada Torahiko and experimental physics Ishiwara Jun and modern physics Nishina Yoshio and atomic physics in Japan Yukawa Hideki and Tomonaga Sin-itiro Conclusion Notes 13. Architects of ABC weapons for the Japanese empire: microbiologists and theoretical physicists Introduction A case of biological and chemical weapons development Atomic weapons development Conclusion Notes 14. The science of population and birth control in post-war Japan Introduction The “population problem” and the state birth control campaign in the immediate post-war period Birth control in public health, Japanese demography, and American population controllers Conclusion Acknowledgement Notes Afterword: is there anything unique about modern Japanese science? Case studies: Yamagiwa Katsusaburō and Yukawa Hideki Uniqueness, particularity, and culture Yamagiwa Katsusaburō and the founding of chemical carcinogenesis Yukawa Hideki, Buddhism, Confucianism, and quantum physics Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index Science, technology, and medicine all contributed to the emerging modern Japanese empire and conditioned key elements of post-war development. As the only emerging non-Western country that was a colonial power in its own right, Japan utilized these fields not only to define itself as racially different from other Asian countries and thus justify its imperialist activities, but also to position itself within the civilized and enlightened world with the advantages of modern science, technologies, and medicine.This book explores the ways in which scientists, engineers and physicians worked directly and indirectly to support the creation of a new Japanese empire, focussing on the eve of World War I and linking their efforts to later post-war developments. By claiming status as a modern, internationally-engaged country, the Japanese government was faced with having to control pathogens that might otherwise not have threatened the nation. Through the use of traditional and innovative techniques, this volume shows how the government was able to fulfil the state's responsibility to protect society to varying degrees.Chapter 14 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license. Science, technology, and medicine all contributed to the emerging modern Japanese empire and conditioned key elements of post-war development. As the only emerging non-Western country that was a colonial power in its own right, Japan utilized these fields not only to define itself as racially different from other Asian countries and thus justify its imperialist activities, but also to position itself within the civilized and enlightened world with the advantages of modern science, technologies, and medicine. This book explores the ways in which scientists, engineers and physicians worked directly and indirectly to support the creation of a new Japanese empire, focussing on the eve of World War I and linking their efforts to later post-war developments. By claiming status as a modern, internationally-engaged country, the Japanese government was faced with having to control pathogens that might otherwise not have threatened the nation. Through the use of traditional and innovative techniques, this volume shows how the government was able to fulfil the states responsibility to protect society to varying degrees. Chapter 14 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license. Science, technology, and medicine all contributed to the emerging modern Japanese empire and conditioned key elements of post-war development. As the only emerging non-Western country that was a colonial power in its own right, Japan utilized these fields not only to define itself as racially different from other Asian countries and thus justify its imperialist activities, but also to position itself within the civilized and enlightened world with the advantages of modern science, technologies, and medicine. This book explores the ways in which scientists, engineers and physicians worked directly and indirectly to support the creation of a new Japanese empire, focussing on the eve of World War I and linking their efforts to later post-war developments. By claiming status as a modern, internationally-engaged country, the Japanese government was faced with having to control pathogens that might otherwise not have threatened the nation. Through the use of traditional and innovative techniques, this volume shows how the government was able to fulfill the state's responsibility to protect society to varying degrees. This essay examines the entanglement between population science and population governance immediately after World War II. It analyzes debates on population and birth control research that contributed to the state-endorsed birth control campaign. Drawing on the existing works on the campaign as well as coproduction theory proposed in science and technology studies (STS), this essay depicts how the Japanese state's post-war birth control policy was coproduced with a particular kind of population science that insisted on the necessity of birth control for Japan's post-war reconstruction