Science of Spices and Culinary Herbs - Latest Laboratory,Pre-Clinical, and Clinical Studies. Volume 1

Many herbs and spices, in addition to their culinary use for taste, contain chemical compounds which have medicinal uses. For this reason, herbs and spies have been used for treating various ailments since ancient times. Modern scientific methods have enabled researchers to isolate bioactive compounds from herbs and spices and perform chemical analyses, which can be used to develop medicines to treat different diseases. This book series is a compilation of current reviews on studies performed on herbs and spices. Science of Spices and Culinary Herbs is essential reading for medicinal chemists, herbalists and biomedical researchers interested in the science of natural herbs and spices that are common part of regional diets and folk medicine. The first volume of this series features the following reviews: 1. Saffron: The Golden Spice 2. The Effect of Crocus sativous (Saffron) on Respiratory System, Traditional and Experimental Evidences 3. Nutraceutical Activities of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its Bioactive Constituent Curcumin 4. Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities of Turmeric and its Active Ingredient Curcumin, and Mechanism of Action 5. Strategies for Enhancement of Bioavailability and Bioactivity of Curcumin 6. Effect of Curcumin on the Diversity of Gut Microbiota 7. Turmeric and Inflammatory Diseases: An Overview of Clinical Evidence 8. Pre-Clinical/Animal Studies Conducted on Turmeric and Curcumin and Their Formulations Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Preface List of Contributors Saffron: The Golden Spice Maryam Akaberi1, Zahra Boghrati2, Mohammad Sadegh Amiri3 and Seyed Ahmad Emami1,2,* BOTANY, TAXONOMY, AND DISTRIBUTION CHEMISTRY ETHNOBOTANICAL AND ETHNOMEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE SAFFRON IN ISLAMIC TRADITIONAL MEDICINE (ITM) VERSUS MODERN MEDICINE Temperament Gastro-Intestinal Activity Hepatoprotective Activity Cardiovascular Activity Respiratory Disorders Ocular Disorders Anti-Depressant Activity Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-Nociceptive Activities Aphrodisiac Property Protective Effects on Urogenital System Disorders Oxytocic Activities SAFFRON MECHANISM OF ACTION TOXICITY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS PHARMACOKINETIC OF SAFFRON CONSTITUENTS ADULTERATION CONTRAINDICATIONS CONCLUDING REMARKS ABBREVIATIONS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES The Effect of Crocus Sativous (Saffron) on the Respiratory System: Traditional and Experimental Evidence Mohammad Hossein Boskabady1,2,*, Zahra Gholamnezhad1,2, Vahideh Ghorani1,2 and Saeideh Saadat1,2 INTRODUCTION CONSTITUENTS METHODS THE EFFECT OF C. SATIVUS EXTRACT AND ITS CONSTITUENTS ON RESPIRATORY DISEASES BASED ON TRADITIONAL EVIDENCE Therapeutic Effects of Saffron Described in Different Nations’ Traditional Medicines The Effects of Saffron on Respiratory Diseases Described in Traditional Medicine Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Saffron Described in Traditional Medicine and their Relation with Saffron’s Effects on Respiratory Disorders Toxicity and Side Effect of Saffron Described in Traditional Medicine THE EFFECT OF C. SATIVUS EXTRACT AND ITS CONSTITUENTS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS In Vitro Studies In Vivo Studies CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Nutraceutical Activities of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its Bioactive Constituent Curcumin Krishnapura Srinivasan* DIGESTIVE STIMULANT ACTION ANTI-ATHEROGENIC AND CARDIO PROTECTIVE EFFECT PROTECTIVE EFFECT ON ERYTHROCYTE INTEGRITY PREVENTION OF CHOLESTEROL GALLSTONES ANTIDIABETIC EFFECTS ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY Amelioration of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Antioxidant Effect in Diabetic Cataract and Experimentally Induced Senile Cataract Hepatoprotective Effect Through Antioxidant Influence Renal Protective Effect Through Antioxidant Influence Pulmonary protective Through Antioxidant Effect Neuroprotective Potential Through Antioxidant Effect Effectiveness in Wound Healing Through Antioxidant Effect ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTY ANTIMUTAGENIC AND CANCER PREVENTIVE PROPERTY SAFETY OF CONSUMPTION OF TURMERIC EFFECTIVENESS OF COOKED TURMERIC CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities of Turmeric and its Active Ingredient Curcumin, and Mechanism of Action Dev Bukhsh Singh1,*, Ajay Kumar Maurya2 and Dipti Rai2 INTRODUCTION Curcuminoids Antibacterial Activity Antibacterial Action of Curcumin against Helicobacter pylori Antibacterial Action of Curcumin against Staphylococcus aureus Antibacterial Activity of Curcumin for some other Bacteria Anticarcinogenic Activity Gastric Cancer Prostate Cancer Ovarian Cancer Lung Cancer Head and Neck Cancer Liver Cancer Skin Carcinogenesis Pancreatic Cancer Colorectal Cancer Breast Cancer Antimetastatic Activity CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Strategies for Enhancement of Bioavailability and Bioactivity of Curcumin D. Nedra Karunaratne1,*, Geethi K. Pamunuwa2, Irosha H. V. Nicholas3 and Isuru R. Ariyarathna4 INTRODUCTION POLYMERIC NANOPARTICULATE SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVING BIOAVAILABILITY Techniques for Curcumin Loaded Nanoparticle Formation Sol Gel Technique Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique Ionic Gelation Capillary Microdot Technique Nanoprecipitation Method EMULSIONS FOR CURCUMIN DELIVERY Curcumin Loaded Emulsions Optimized Curcumin Emulsion Formulations to Enhance Physicochemical Properties and Bioavailability Surfactants/Co-Surfactants Oil Phase Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) Co-Delivery of Curcumin LIPOSOMES FOR CURCUMIN DELIVERY Preparation of Liposomes Conventional Methods Novel Methods Categorization of Liposomes Size Lamellarity Surface Charge Circulation In Vivo Applications Curcumin Encapsulated Liposomes Aqueous Solubility and Bioavailability Stability Sustained Release Skin Permeation Cellular Uptake Cytotoxic/Anticancer/Antitumor Properties Biodistribution and Targeted Delivery of Curcumin Effects Against Other Diseases CURCUMIN COCRYSTALS TO IMPROVE SOLUBILITY Overview of Cocrystals Methods of Preparation of Cocrystals Solution Methods Grinding Methods Cocrystals of Curcumin CURCUMIN DERIVATIVES FOR ENHANCING BIOAVAILABILITY CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Effect of Curcumin on the Diversity of Gut Microbiota Wissam Zam* TURMERIC GUT MICROBIOTA Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota in Disease Gut Microbiota During Lifestage Homeostatic Function Gut Dysbiosis Life Style and Dietary Effect on Gut Microbiota Polyphenols EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN ON GUT MICROBIOTA EFFECTS OF GUT MICROBIOTA ON CURCUMIN CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVE CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Turmeric and Inflammatory Diseases: An Overview of Clinical Evidence Roodabeh Bahramsoltani1,2, Samaneh Soleymani1,2, Roja Rahimi1,2 and Mohammad Hosein Farzaei3,4,* INTRODUCTION CLINICAL STUDIES OF TURMERIC AND CURCUMIN IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES Gastrointestinal Diseases IBD IBS Joint Disorders Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Renal Diseases Diseases of Oral Cavity Oral Lichen Planus Periodontitis and Gingivitis Chemoradiotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis Dermatological Disorders Psoriasis Radiation-Induced Dermatitis Respiratory Diseases Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Respiratory Complications of Sulfur Mustard Intoxication CONCLUDING REMARKS CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICTS OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Pre-Clinical/Animal Studies Conducted on Turmeric and Curcumin and Their Formulations Rupesh K. Gautam*, 1, Disha Arora2 and Swapnil Goyal3 1. INTRODUCTION Chemical Constituents of Turmeric Curcumin Bioavailability of Curcumin Safety of Turmeric Drug Interactions or Reactions 2. PRE-CLINICAL/ANIMAL STUDIES CONDUCTED ON TURMERIC AND ITS CONSTITUENTS Curcumin in Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Anti-inflammatory Activity Anti-Catabolic/Anabolic Effects Effect on Cell Survival and Anti-Apoptotic Potency Curcumin and Immune Function Ulcerative Colitis Pancreatitis Cancer Chemoprevention Anti-oxidant Effect Alzheimer’s Disease Curcumin Effects on Lipid Metabolism Stress Response Modulating Effects of Curcuminoids Cardiovascular Diseases Allergy, Asthma and Bronchitis Chronic Kidney Diseases Skin Diseases Liver Diseases Antimicrobial Activity Insecticidal and Larvicidal Activity Radioprotector Antidepressant Activity Anti-aging Activity Wound Healing Turmeric in Urinary Disorders Dyspepsia and Gastric Ulcer Anticoagulant Activity Anti-fertility Activity Analgesic Action Anthelmintic Activity Ophthalmic Care Oral Health Anti-diabetic Potential 3. PRE-CLINICAL/ANIMAL STUDIES CONDUCTED ON TURMERIC BASED FORMULATIONS Anti-Inflammatory Activity Curcumin Nanoparticles as Anti-Tubercular Agent Turmeric Supplements as Anti-Arthritic Agent Curcumin Formulation as Anti-oxidant /Oxidative Stress Anti-Microbial Activity Anti-Cancer Activity Absorption of Curcuminoids from Formulated Turmeric Extracts CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index Back Cover