Science and Technology of Crystal Growth : Lectures Given at the Ninth International Summer School on Crystal Growth, June 11-15, 1995

1. The ninth International Summer School on Crystal Growth. ISSCG IX A complete theory of crystal growth establishes the full dependence of crystal size, shape and structure on external parameters like temperature, pressure, composition, purity, growth rate and stirring of the mother phase, implicitly establishing how the corresponding fields vary in space and time. Such a theory does not exist, however. Therefore equipment to grow crystals is developed on the basis of partial knowledge. Skill, experience and creativity still are of central importance for the success o~ a crystal growth system. In this book we collected contributions from the teachers of the ninth International Summer School on Crystal Growth ISSCG IX, held 11-16 june 1995 at Papendal, the national sports centre of the Netherlands. These contributions were used during the lectures. The authors have tried to present their work in such a way that only basic physical knowledge is required to understand the papers. The book can be used as an introduction to various important sub disciplines of the science and technology of crystal growth. Since, however the information content considerably exceeds a lecture note level and touches the present limits of understanding, it is an up to date handbook as well. Front Matter....Pages i-xiv Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams — Fundamentals and Tools for Crystal Growth....Pages 1-13 Atomic Models for Crystal Growth....Pages 15-26 The Syncrystallization of Thianaphthene and Naphthalene an Exercise in Thermodynamic Phase Diagram Analysis....Pages 27-38 From Thermoelasticity to Surface Melting....Pages 39-52 Nucleation....Pages 53-66 Topics in Crystal Growth Kinetics....Pages 67-80 Lattice Growth Models....Pages 81-95 Macroscopic Transport Processes During the Growth of Single Crystals from the Melt....Pages 97-110 Large-Scale Numerical Modeling of Bulk Crystal Growth from the Melt and Solution....Pages 111-122 Vapour Growth....Pages 123-136 Advanced Epitaxial Techniques for III-V Materials....Pages 137-148 Morphology of Crystals: Past and Future....Pages 149-164 Modulated and Quasicrystals....Pages 165-177 Modelling the Habit Modification of Molecular Crystals by the Action of “Tailor-Made” Additives....Pages 179-192 Morphological Instability: Dendrites, Seaweed, and Fractals....Pages 193-208 Mass Crystallization, Number Balances and Size Distributions....Pages 209-220 Crystallizers....Pages 221-232 Melt Suspension Crystallization....Pages 233-244 Melt Layer Crystallization....Pages 245-258 Secondary Nucleation....Pages 259-277 Crystallization in Colloidal Suspensions....Pages 279-290 Polytypism and Inorganic Crystal Growth and Reactivity....Pages 291-312 Polymer Crystallization....Pages 313-328 Principles of Crystal Growth in Protein Crystallization....Pages 329-353 Some Common Pathologies in Step Growth: Impurities and Surface Reconstruction....Pages 355-366 Characterization of Crystal Growth Processes Using Synchrotron X-Ray Techniques....Pages 367-382 Back Matter....Pages 383-391 The future will reveal an ever increasing demand for crystals having highly specific properties while, at the same time, crystal growth systems will come to be increasingly restricted by environmental and budgetary constraints. If the technology is based on trial and error and the science restricted to irrelevant model systems, these demands will come into conflict. But if technological developments incorporate scientific understanding, then environmental, financial, material and fundamental perspectives often turn out to run surprisingly parallel. It is this integration of approaches to which Science and Technology of Crystal Growth aspires. Starting from basic physical and chemical knowledge, the reader is encouraged to build to the state of the art level, assisted by the many thousands of references to the original literature. The aspects covered range from mass crystallization technology to numerical modeling, from biological materials to fundamental physics, and from chemical reaction dynamics to the nonlinear dynamics of pattern formation. Audience : An ideal starting point for postgraduate researchers and process engineers. A high-level, interdisciplinary approach to crystallization.