Science and Technologies for Smart Cities: 7th EAI International Conference, SmartCity360°, Virtual Event, December 2-4, 2021, Proceedings (Lecture ... and Telecommunications Engineering, 442)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7 th Annual SmartCity360° Summit which was organized in November 2021 in Porto, Portugal. Due to COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held virtually. The volume combines selected papers of 6 conferences, namely EdgeIoT 2021 - International Conference on Intelligent Edge Processing in the IoT Era; IC4S 2021 - International Conference on Cognitive Computing and Cyber Physical Systems; SmartGov 2021 - International Conference on Smart Governance for Sustainable Smart Cities; SmartGift 2021 - International Conference on Smart Grid and Innovative Frontiers in Telecommunications; e PFSM 2021 - International Conference on Privacy and Forensics in Smart Mobility. The 45 full papers were carefully selected from 109 submissions. The papers are organized in four thematic sections on Smart Grid and Innovative Frontiers in Telecommunications; Smart Governance for Sustainable Smart Cities; Privacy and Forensics in Smart Mobility;and Sensor Systems and Software. Preface Organization Contents Smart Grid and Innovative Frontiers in Telecommunications Raspberry Pi-Based Intelligent Cyber Defense Systems for SMEs: An Exploratory Study 1 Introduction 2 Review of Traditional IDS and Raspberry Pi-Based IDS 2.1 Background Study of Raspberry Pi-Based IDS 2.2 Key Challenges to Consider in Raspberry Pi-Based IDS 3 Raspberry Pi as an iCDS: From Perspective of Hardware Capability 3.1 Use of Raspberry Pi as an iCDS 3.2 Proposed Testbed for the Experiments 4 Performance of the Raspberry Pi Interfaces 4.1 Measurement of Latency 4.2 Measurement of Download Traffic Throughput 4.3 Measurement of Upload Traffic Throughput 5 Conclusions and Future Work References Inter-satellite Optical Analog Network Coding Using Modulated Retro Reflectors 1 Introduction 2 MRR ANC System Design 3 System Model 4 Optimal Power Allocation 5 Throughput 6 Simulation Results Analysis and Discussion 7 Conclusion References 3-Dimensional Reconstruction of a Highly Specular or Transparent Cylinder from a Single Image 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Single Camera Calibration 2.2 Ellipse Fitting 3 Outline of Our Technique 3.1 Measurement of the Diameter of a Cylinder 3.2 Measurement of the Height of a Cylinder 4 Experiments and Results 5 Conclusion References Temporal Colour-Coded Facial-Expression Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background and Significance 1.2 Research Objective and Plan 2 Backgrounds and Related Works 2.1 Basic Emotions of Human Beings 2.2 Available Facial Expression Database 2.3 Existing Suicide Prevention Programs 3 Design, Implementation, and Results 3.1 Build of Emotional Expression Database via Web Crawler 3.2 Image Pre-processing 3.3 ADA Boost for Face Detection 3.4 Model Trained and Deployment 3.5 Temporal Colour-Coded Facial Expression Recognition 4 Results and Analysis 4.1 Accuracy of Emotional Facial Expression on Still Images 4.2 Accuracy on Video Footages 5 Conclusion, Limitations and Future Work 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Limitations 5.3 Future Works References Why Dealing with Electrical Faults for Smart Microgrid is not Enough? 1 Introduction 2 Concept of Microgrid 3 Effect of Faults 4 Faults and Fault Handling: A Survey 4.1 Faults in a Microgrid 4.2 Fault Handling Approaches in Microgrid 5 Fault Classification 6 Promising Solutions and Future Directions 7 Conclusion References Intelligent Edge Processing in the IoT Era Energy and Load Aware Fog Node Placement for Smart Farming 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Optimal Fog Node Placement 3.1 Problem Description 3.2 ILP Formulation 3.3 K-means Based Fog Node Placement (k-FNP) Algorithm 4 Performance Evaluation 4.1 Simulation Setup 4.2 Performance Metrics 4.3 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References Identification and Classification of Human Body Parts for Contactless Screening Systems: An Edge-AI Approach 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Adopted Methodology 3.1 Dataset Preparation 3.2 Model Definition 3.3 Model Training 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions and Future Work References A Collaborative Industrial Augmented Reality Digital Twin: Developing the Future of Shipyard 4.0 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Analysis and Design of the AR/MR System 3.1 Design Requirements 3.2 AR/MR Development 3.3 IIoT Integration 4 Experiments 4.1 AR/MR Layer Experiments 4.2 IIoT Layer Experiments 4.3 Results 5 Conclusion References Edge and Fog Computing for IoT: A Case Study for Citizen Well-Being 1 Introduction 2 Low Power Wide Area Networks 3 Architectural Design and Implementation of the Communication Infrastructure 3.1 Police Station Building Setup 3.2 School Building Setup 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Evaluation of the LoRaWAN Network 4.2 Evaluation of Indoor Occupancy 4.3 Evaluation of Thermo-hygrometric and Light Comfort 4.4 Evaluation of Air Quality 5 Conclusions References Improvement of RSSI-Based LoRaWAN Localization Using Edge-AI 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Proposed Method 3.1 RSSI-Based Distance-Loss Modeling 3.2 Distance Estimation Improvement Method 4 Method Evaluation 4.1 LoRaWAN Dataset 4.2 Distance Estimation Results 4.3 Localization Estimation Results 4.4 Edge-AI Deployment 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Large-Scale Video Analytics Through Object-Level Consolidation 1 Introduction 2 Background and Considerations 2.1 Video Analytics Systems 2.2 Selection Region of Interest 2.3 Moving/Foreground/Salient Object Detection 3 Focus on Moving Objects 3.1 Extraction of Objects of Interest 3.2 Composition Policies 3.3 Allocation Heuristic 4 Experimental Setup 4.1 Dataset 4.2 Object Detection Models 4.3 Background Subtraction Mechanisms 4.4 Metrics of Interest 5 Results 5.1 Accuracy Boost vs Resource Savings 5.2 Impact of BGS Techniques 5.3 Performance and Resource Usage 6 Related Work 7 Conclusions References Edge AI System Using a Thermal Camera for Industrial Anomaly Detection 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 System Overview and Prototype 3.2 Acquisition Hardware 3.3 Software Solution 4 Experiments 4.1 Laboratory Setup 4.2 Industrial Environment 5 Results 5.1 Laboratory Evaluation 5.2 Industrial Evaluation 6 Conclusions Appendix Temporal Anomaly Detection Results References Power Consumption Analysispg for the Development of Energy Efficient Bluetooth 5 Based Real-Time Industrial IoT Systems 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Wireless Low-Power Communications: Bluetooth Versus ZigBee 2.2 Bluetooth Performance 3 Developed System 4 Experiments and Results 4.1 Energy Consumption Tests 4.2 Mesh Mode 4.3 LE Coded Vs Legacy Mode Range 5 Key Findings 6 Conclusions References Towards Orchestration of Cloud-Edge Architectures with Kubernetes 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Foundations 2.1 Edge Computing 2.2 Orchestration of Cloud-Edge Architectures 2.3 Kubernetes 3 Related Work 4 Kubernetes as Edge Orchestration Platform 4.1 Kubernetes-Based Edge Orchestration Architectures 4.2 General Limitations of K8s for Edge Orchestration 4.3 Potential Solutions for K8s as Edge Orchestration Platform 5 Limitations of the Proposed Solutions 5.1 Resource-Related Solutions 5.2 Architectural Solutions 6 Discussion 6.1 Findings 6.2 Limitations 6.3 Kubernetes as Unified Cloud-Edge Platform 7 Conclusion and Future Work References Simulated LoRa Sensor Network as Support for Route Planning in Solid Waste Collection 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methods and Results 3.1 Hardware Integration 3.2 Data Collection and Transmission 3.3 Transmission Results 3.4 Data Simulation 3.5 Route Calculation and Delivery 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Cognitive Computing and Cyber Physical Systems Exploring the Effects of Precision Livestock Farming Notification Mechanisms on Canadian Dairy Farmers 1 Introduction 2 Related Literature 2.1 Potential Negative Impacts of PLF Notifications on Farmers 2.2 Big Data in PLF and Need for Improved Information Interfaces 2.3 The Need for a More User-Centred Approach in PLF Technologies 2.4 Lessons from the HCI Literature on Notification Management 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Survey Design 3.2 Survey Distribution 3.3 Data Collection and Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Sources of PLF Notifications for Study Participants 4.2 Notification Mediums 4.3 Content of PLF Notifications and Farmers’ Responses 4.4 Benefits and Challenges of PLF Notification Mechanisms 4.5 Perceived Stress Levels Related to PLF Notifications 5 Discussion 5.1 Information Uncertainty 5.2 Matching Communication Timing and Medium to Notification Content 5.3 Information Overload 5.4 Are PLF Notifications a Source of Stress for Farmers? 6 Conclusions and Future Work References Concept for Safe Interaction of Driverless Industrial Trucks and Humans in Shared Areas 1 Introduction 2 Critical Interactions in Warehouses 2.1 Safety Standards for Driverless Industrial Trucks 2.2 Cooperation and Coordination 2.3 Conflict Detection at Known Blind Corners 3 Infrastructure-Cooperative Autonomous Control 3.1 Infrastructure-Cooperative Autonomous Control Architecture 3.2 Generalized Concept for Conflict Detection 4 Evaluation 4.1 Scenario Description 4.2 Metrics 4.3 Results 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Feature Fusion in Deep-Learning Semantic Image Segmentation: A Survey 1 Introduction 2 Feature Fusion in Various Models 3 Fusion Mechanisms 3.1 Direct Fusion 3.2 Multi-level Fusion 3.3 Multi-layer Mesh Fusion 3.4 Weighted Fusion 3.5 Graphical Models 4 Fusion Strategy 5 Challenges and Opportunities 6 Conclusion References MR-Based UAV Route Planning for the Coverage Task 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Propose Approach 3.1 Coverage Task 3.2 System Architecture 3.3 Interface Design 4 User Study 4.1 Participants 4.2 Study Design 4.3 Task Execution Procedure 4.4 Evaluation Results 4.5 Interview Comments 5 Conclusions and Future Work References Low-cost Real-time IoT-Based Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting 1 Introduction 2 Air Quality Index and Measures 3 Predicting Air Quality 4 Description of the Developed Prototype 5 Results 6 Conclusions References Channel Allocation Mechanism in C-RAN for Smart Transportation 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Dynamic Channel Allocation Mechanism (DCAM) 4 Proposed Model for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRANs) 4.1 Licensed Users 4.2 Cognitive Users 4.3 Non-cognitive Users 5 Link Maintenance Probability 6 Performance Evaluation of DCAM Technique 7 Conclusion References Low Cost ICS Network Scanning for Vulnerability Prevention 1 Introduction 2 OT Security in Simple Terms 3 Related Work 4 Baseline Documentation 5 Ports and Services Discovery 6 Network Scanning 7 Methods 8 Installing Firewalls 9 Separated Networks 10 Additional Recommendations 11 Conclusion References Smart Governance for Sustainable Smart Cities The Development of the Sati Interactive System: A Computer-Based Interactive System that Creates a Sense of Deep Engagement in the User 1 Introduction 2 The Sati Interactive System 2.1 The Interaction 2.2 Software Development 3 Development of the Interaction Design Framework 3.1 Factors that Influence Experience 3.2 User-Product Interaction and Experience of the Sati Interactive System 3.3 The Interaction Design Framework for Sati Interactive System 4 Testing the Sati Interactive System 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Benefits and Obstacles of Smart Governance in Cities 1 Introduction 2 Smart Governance in Cities and Its Toolkit 3 Material and Methodology 4 Research Findings and Discussion 5 Conclusions References New Environmental Indicators for Sustainable Cities of Varying Size Scale: The Use Case of France 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 Methodology 4 Results and Environmental Scores 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Scalable and Sustainable Community Networks for Inclusive Smart Cities 1 Introduction 2 Designing Scalable and Sustainable Community Networks 2.1 IP Addressing in the Context of Scalability and Sustainability 2.2 Open Platforms, Open Access 2.3 Programmability and Virtualization from Access to Core 3 An Open and Software-Defined Bayanihanets 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Component Qualification and Selection 3.3 Experimental Deployment 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Security in V2X Communications: A Comparative Analysis of Simulation/Emulation Tools 1 Introduction 2 Related Work/ITS Domains 2.1 Trucks Platoon 2.2 Cooperative Collision Avoidance 3 Network Architecture 4 Simulation/Emulation Tools 4.1 Comparative Analysis 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Implementation and Comparison of Four Algorithms on Transportation Problem 1 Introduction 2 LCA, VEA, MVA and CVA Algorithms 2.1 Laying Chicken Algorithm (LCA) 2.2 Volcano Eruption Algorithm (VEA) 2.3 COVID-19 Optimizer Algorithm (CVA) 2.4 Multiverse Algorithm (MVA) 3 Computational Results 4 Conclusion References Critical Review of Citizens’ Participation in Achieving Smart Sustainable Cities: The Case of Saudi Arabia 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Smart Sustainable Cities 2.2 The Role of Citizens’ Participation in Promoting Decision Making 3 Research Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Global Smart Cities Trends 4.2 Annual Publication of Studies on CP 4.3 Citizens’ Participation Publications in Relation to Smart Cities 4.4 Authors’ Affiliations 4.5 Active Authors 4.6 Conceptual Framework of the Study 5 Conclusions References Privacy and Forensics in Smart Mobility An Overview of the Status of DNS and HTTP Security Services in Higher Education Institutions in Portugal 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 4 Results and Analysis 5 Conclusions References Prevention of IoT-Enabled Crime Using Home Routers (PITCHR) 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Background of This Study 2.2 Participants 2.3 Procedure 3 Results 3.1 Evolution of Home Router Technology 3.2 Future of Home Router Technology 3.3 The Role of Service Providers 3.4 The Role of Hardware and Hardware Manufacturers 3.5 The Role of Citizen and Industry Groups 3.6 Cost of Providing Home Router Security 3.7 Regulatory Role and Impact 3.8 Who is/Should be Responsible for Home Router Security 3.9 User Awareness and Education 3.10 The Changing Nature of Home Router Cyber Security Landscape 4 Key Findings 5 Recommendations 6 Conclusion References Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management – A Discussion of Current and Future Research Topics 1 Introduction 2 Field Review 2.1 Scope and Overview 3 Strategic Realignment of Enterprises Through Blockchain 3.1 State of the Art 3.2 Research Discussion 4 Governance for Enterprise Blockchain Applications 4.1 State of the Art 4.2 Research Discussion 5 Profitability of Enterprise Blockchain Solutions 5.1 State of the Art 5.2 Research Discussion 6 Blockchain-Based Pay-Per-Use Models 6.1 State of the Art 6.2 Research Discussion 7 Blockchain and Additive Manufacturing 7.1 State of the Art 7.2 Research Discussion 8 Decentralized Markets - Trust and Transaction Costs 8.1 State of the Art 8.2 Research Discussion 9 Blockchain-Based Cyber-Physical Production Systems 9.1 State of the Art 9.2 Research Discussion 10 Consolidation and Assignment to Scientific Layers 11 Conclusion References Characterizing Blockchain Interoperability Systems from an Architecture Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Interoperability Categories 3 Evaluation Framework 4 Analysis 4.1 Blockchain Ecosystems 4.2 Relay-Based Systems 4.3 Sidechain-Based Systems 4.4 Peer-Based Systems 5 Related Work 6 Conclusion References Micropayments Interoperability with Blockchain and Off-Chain Data Store to Improve Transaction Throughputs 1 Background 1.1 Problem Description 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Contributions 1.4 Related Work 2 System Design 2.1 Off-Chain Data Control 2.2 Channel Design 3 Experimental Set-up 4 Conclusion Appendix 1 Payment Channel Network 1.1 Go-Perun 1.2 Raiden Network Appendix 2 Watchtower Committee Appendix 3 Channel composability Appendix 4 Close Channel Sequence Diagram References A State-of-the-Art Blockchain Approach to the ETSI Implementation for Long-Term Preservation Solutions 1 Introduction 2 Background and Related Work 3 Standards for Long-Term Preservation of Digital Signatures 3.1 ETSI 3.2 ISO 4 Blockchain and LTP-DS-Related Systems 4.1 Key Blockchain Concepts 4.2 Blockchain Technology and Notarization Standards 5 Comparison Between LTP-DS Blockchain-Relat Solutions 6 Discussion 6.1 LTP-DS Properties that Apply in Blockchain Technology 6.2 Designing a Blockchain-Based LTP-DS System 7 Conclusion References A Review of Crime Scene Investigations Through Augmented Reality 1 Introduction 2 The Features of Augmented/Mixed Reality 2.1 Collaboration Through Technology 2.2 The Use of Augmented Reality in Crime Scene Investigation 3 Environmental Aspects of the Use of HoloLens 4 Blood Spatter Analysis 5 The Use of Forensic DNA Databases 6 Forensic Toxicology Reports 7 Summary References Forensic Analysis of Microsoft Teams: Investigating Memory, Disk and Network 1 Introduction 1.1 Microsoft Teams Protocol Overview 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology and Experimental Setup 4 Memory Forensics 5 Disk-Space Forensics 6 Network Forensics 7 Conclusion and Future Work References Machine Learning-Based Predictors for ICU Admission of COVID-19 Patients 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Data 4 Methods 4.1 Data Pre-processing 4.2 Feature Selection 4.3 Model Selection and Estimation 5 Results and Discussions 6 Limitation and Potential Extensions 7 Conclusion References A Forensic-Ready Intelligent Transportation System 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Architecture and Standards 3.1 Selected Architecture 3.2 Incident Investigation Principles and Processes 4 Emerging Opportunities and Challenges 4.1 Opportunities 4.2 Challenges 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Sensor Systems and Software A Multi-sensor Information Fusion Method for Autonomous Vehicle Perception System 1 Introduction 2 Sensor Model 2.1 Camera Observation Model 2.2 Lidar Point Cloud Processing 2.3 Sensor Parameters 3 Sensor Data Synchronization Mapping 3.1 Spatial Synchronization 3.2 Time Synchronization 4 Target Recognition and Depth Information Association 4.1 Camera Target Detection 4.2 In-Depth Information Association 4.3 Experimental Verification 4.4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Propagation Characteristics of LoRa-Based Wireless Communication in Steel Ship Cabin 1 Introduction 2 First Section Modeling of Radio Wave 433 MHz Propagation in Ship’s Engine Room Based on Ray-Tracing Method 2.1 Ray-Tracing Method 2.2 Three-Dimensional Model of Ship’s Main-Engine Room 2.3 Simulation Parameter Setting 3 Experiment Measurement 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Efficient 2D Processing of 1D Sensor Signals 1 Signals with Cyclic Behavior 1.1 Solar Radiation Signals 1.2 Line Voltage and Power Quality Signals 1.3 Energy Demand and Load Data 1.4 ECG Data 2 Strength of 2D: Examples 2.1 Solar Radiation Models 2.2 Power Quality Data 2.3 Energy Load Data 3 Conclusions and Discussions References Clustered WSN for Building Energy Management Applications 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Network Architecture 3.1 Topology 3.2 Dimensioning 3.3 Performance Analysis 4 Case Study: Building Energy Management System 4.1 Prototype Deployment 4.2 Experiments and Results 5 Conclusions References Realizing Seamless Integration of Sensors and Actuators into the IoT 1 Introduction 2 Seamless Integration in Theory 3 Seamless Integration in Practice 3.1 Challenges: Hardware 3.2 Challenges: Software 4 Perinet 4.1 The periCORE SPE Communication Module 4.2 The periNODE Smart Adapter 4.3 The periSWITCH Multi-port Switch, periSTART Media Converter and periLINE 4.4 The periMICA Modular Edge Computer 4.5 Basic Setup 5 Example Project 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Detection Against Replay Attack: A Feedback Watermark Approach 1 Introduction 2 Problem Formulation 2.1 System Dynamic and Kalman Filter 2.2 Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) Optimal Control 2.3 2 Detector 2.4 Some Lemmas 3 Effects of Replay Attacks 4 Detection of Replay Attacks 5 Numerical Example 6 Conclusions References Author Index