Science and Technologies for Smart Cities: 6th EAI International Conference, SmartCity360°, Virtual Event, December 2-4, 2020, Proceedings (Lecture Notes ... Telecommunications Engineering Book 372)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6 th Annual Smart City 360° Summit. Due to COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held virtually. The volume combines selected papers of seven conferences, namely AISCOVID 2020 - International Conference on AI-assisted Solutions for COVID-19 and Biomedical Applications in Smart-Cities; EdgeIoT 2020 - International Conference on Intelligent Edge Processing in the IoT Era; IC4S 2020 - International Conference on Cognitive Computing and Cyber Physical Systems; CiCom 2020 - International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communications; S-Cube 2020 - International Conference on Sensor Systems and Software; SmartGov 2020 - International Conference on Smart Governance for Sustainable Smart Cities; and finnally, the Urb-IOT 2020 -International Conference on IoT in Urban Space. Preface Organization Contents AI-assisted Solutions for COVID-19 and Biomedical Applications in Smart-Cities IoT and AI for COVID-19 in Scalable Smart Cities 1 Introduction 1.1 Comparison to Other Works 1.2 Contribution and Scope of the Survey 2 AI and COVID-19 2.1 Bio Medics 2.2 Detection and Dialysis 2.3 Epidemy Control 3 IoT and COVID-19 3.1 Smart Health 3.2 Quick Detection 3.3 Smart Devices 4 Cloud and COVID-19 4.1 Dialysis 4.2 Smart Applications 4.3 Infection Tracking 5 Challenges and Suggestions 5.1 Lack of Data 5.2 Protection 5.3 Regulating the Spread 6 Conclusion References Automated Segmentation of COVID-19 Lesion from Lung CT Images Using U-Net Architecture 1 Introduction 2 Context 3 Methodology 3.1 Lung CT Image Collection 3.2 U-Net Segmentation 3.3 Performance Evaluation 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References COVID-19 Patient Care: A Content-Based Collaborative Filtering Using Intelligent Recommendation System 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Drone-Based Smart Intelligent Systems 4 Proposed CCF-IRS 4.1 Content-Based Trust Recommendation 4.2 Collaborative Filtering Techniques 5 Proposed CCF-IRS 6 Conclusion References A New Blood Pressure Estimation Approach Using PPG Sensors: Subject Specific Evaluation over a Long-term Period 1 Introduction 2 Material and Method 2.1 Material 2.2 Method 3 Results 3.1 Temporal LASSO Model 3.2 Frequential LASSO Model 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 5G Network Slicing Technology and Its Impact on COVID-19: A Comprehensive Survey 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope and Contributions of This Paper 1.2 Comparison to Similar Surveys 1.3 Organization of the Paper 2 5G Industry Trends and Requirements 2.1 Performance Requirements 2.2 Business Drivers and Vertical Industry Requirements 3 5G NS Concepts and Applications 3.1 NS History 3.2 Concepts and Principles of 5G NS 3.3 Applications and Use Cases of 5G NS 3.4 Key Enabling Technologies of NS 4 NS Architecture and Implementation 4.1 Implementations and Architectures of NS 4.2 5G Network Slicing Projects 5 State-of-the-Art Standardization in 5G Network Slicing 6 Future Challenges for Network Slicing 6.1 Radio Access Network Interoperability, Scalability and Roaming Manner 6.2 Software Functions and Hardware of Network Interoperability 6.3 Movement from Physical to Virtual Networks and Development of Innovative Features 7 Conclusion References An Empirical Study of Trilateration and Clustering for Indoor Localization and Trend Prediction 1 Introduction 2 Design and Implementation 2.1 System Overview 2.2 Trilateration 2.3 Data Acquisition and Transmission 2.4 Cloud Architecture 2.5 Pre-Processing 2.6 Data Analysis 2.7 Privacy Concerns 3 Testing and Results 3.1 Failure Modes 4 Conclusion References COVID-19 Detection on CT Scans Using Local Binary Pattern and Deep Learning 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Method 3.1 COVID19-CT Dataset 3.2 Augmented Datasets 3.3 Model Generations 4 Performance Evaluation 4.1 Image-Based Deep Learning Method 4.2 Proposed Structure-Based Method 5 Conclusion References Security and Privacy Issues Associated with Coronavirus Diagnosis and Prognosis 1 Introduction 2 Research Background (The Use of Personal Information During COVID-19) 3 Discussion and Recommendations 4 Conclusion References Approach for the Development of a System for COVID-19 Preliminary Test 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Mobile Application 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Computational Intelligence and Communications Application of Distributed Generation for Reduction of Power Losses and Voltage Deviation in Electric Distribution System by Using AI Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Test Utility Distribution Network 3 Implementation of Procedural Flow Charts for the Proposed GrMHSA Techniques 4 Formulation of Objective Functions and Constraints 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 System Base Case and Comparison of Solution Algorithms 5.2 Optimal Location and Size of DG with GrMHS and MOPSO Algorithms 6 Conclusion References Non-linear Control Applied to a 3D Printed Hand 1 Adaptive Control 2 The Studied System 2.1 Setpoint Generator 2.2 System to Control 3 Specifications 4 Synoptic Diagram 5 Transfer Functions 5.1 The Desired Angle Encoder (K1) 5.2 Pulse Width Converter (K2) 5.3 The DC Motor (MCC) 5.4 The Finger (f( )) 5.5 Angular Position Sensor (C) 5.6 Open Loop and Closed Loop Transfer Functions 6 State-Space Representation of the System 7 System Control 7.1 Stability in the Sense of Lyapunov 7.2 Control Law 8 Conclusion References To Beacon or Not?: Speed Based Probabilistic Adaptive Beaconing Approach for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Proposed Work 4 Implementation 5 Results 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Reduce 802.11 Connection Time Using Offloading and Merging of DHCP Layer to MAC Layer 1 Introduction 1.1 Scan Phase 1.2 Authentication/Association Phase 1.3 DHCP Phase 2 Related Work and Research Objectives 3 Our Work, Simulation, and Results 4 Future Work and Conclusion 4.1 Future Work 5 Conclusion References Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Traffic Forecasting 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Traffic Forecasting Model Concept 3.1 Data Gathering 3.2 Data Cleaning 3.3 Neural Network 4 Model Implementation 4.1 Data Completion 4.2 Neural Network Building 4.3 Model Validation 5 Conclusion and Future Works References Labeling News Article's Subject Using Uncertainty Based Active Learning 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Dataset Description 4 Design and Implementation 5 Results 6 Future Works References Intelligent Edge Processing in the IoT Era Environment Monitoring Modules with Fire Detection Capability Based on IoT Methodology 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 System Architecture 4 Wireless Sensor Modules 4.1 The Core 4.2 Power Supply 4.3 Sensors 4.4 LoRa Communication 5 Sensor Module Assembled 6 Results 6.1 WSN Data 7 Conclusions and Future Work References NetButler: Voice-Based Edge/Cloud Virtual Assistant for Home Network Management 1 Introduction 2 State-of-the-Art 3 NetButler: A Virtual Assistant for Domestic Networks 3.1 NetButler Use-Cases and Respective System Operation 3.2 Technological Components and Integration 4 Performance Evaluation 4.1 Tests Description and Evaluation Metrics 4.2 Evaluation 5 Conclusion References Low-Cost LoRa-Based IoT Edge Device for Indoor Air Quality Management in Schools 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 IAQ in the Classroom 3.1 IAQ Parameter Selection 3.2 Conceptual Architecture 4 IoT Edge Device 4.1 Hardware Development 4.2 Firmware Development 4.3 Prototype 5 Preliminary Results 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Technologies for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): Guidelines for Edge Computing Adoption in the Industry 1 Introduction 2 Industrial Internet of Things 3 Challenges in Edge Computing 3.1 Management Concerns 3.2 Reliability Concerns 3.3 Cyber-Security Concerns 4 Challenges in Edge Computing 4.1 IIoT Edge Gateway Data Capture 4.2 IIoT Edge Data Processing 5 Rules for Edge Computing 5.1 IIoT Edge Data Processing 5.2 Reliability Rules 5.3 Cyber-Security Rules 5.4 IIoT Computing Placement Strategy 6 Study Case of Edge Computing Devices 6.1 IIoT Edge Gateway Data Capture 6.2 IIoT Edge Data Processing 7 Conclusion References Scalable Approximate Computing Techniques for Latency and Bandwidth Constrained IoT Edge 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Impact of Video Frame Size on Network Latency 4 Video Frame Quality Tuning Knobs 4.1 Impact of Tuning Knobs on Application Inference Accuracy 5 Scalable Approximate Computing Algorithms 5.1 Knob Search Space 5.2 Pruning Heuristic Algorithm for Knob Selection 5.3 Machine Learning Algorithm for Knob Selection 6 Implementation and Results 6.1 Pruning Heuristic Algorithm 6.2 Machine Learning Algorithm 7 System Integration 8 Conclusion References Collaborative Task Processing with Internet of Things (IoT) Clusters 1 Introduction 2 System Model 3 Implementation 4 Evaluation 5 Conclusions References An Energy Sustainable CPS/IoT Ecosystem 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 CPS/IoT Ecosystem 4 An Energy Aware CPS/IoT Ecosystem 5 Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes 5.1 Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) 5.2 Power Management Unit 5.3 Event Detection 5.4 Microcontroller 5.5 Sensor Node Evaluation 6 Energy Harvesting Use Case 7 Conclusion References Inference Performance Comparison of Convolutional Neural Networks on Edge Devices 1 Introduction 2 Deep Learning Models and Tools 2.1 Convolutional Neural Network Models 2.2 Model Compression 2.3 Software Tools 3 Edge Devices 4 Experiment 4.1 Dataset 4.2 Evaluation Metrics 4.3 Results and Analysis 5 Related Work 5.1 Model Compression 5.2 Deep Learning Inference on Edge Devices 6 Conclusion References Cognitive Computing and Cyber Physical Systems A Non-intrusive IoT-Based Real-Time Alert System for Elderly People Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Related Work—Indoor Localization Systems 3 Conceptual Description of the System 4 Tests and Results 5 Conclusions References A Smartphone Application Designed to Detect Obstacles for Pedestrians' Safety 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Smart City Digital Twin Platform 4 The Prototype Smartphone Application 4.1 Application Architecture 4.2 Obstacle Reporting Workflow 5 Evaluation and Discussion 6 Conclusions and Future Work References Automatic Generation of Security Requirements for Cyber-Physical Systems 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Existing Approaches for Automated Generation 2.2 STPA Framework and Automated Extensions 3 Methodology 3.1 Brief Introduction of STPA-DFSec 3.2 Automated Generation Process 3.3 Generator Prototype 3.4 Approach Conclusion 4 Experiments and Evaluation 4.1 Example Cases 4.2 Experiments and Comparison 4.3 Evaluation and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based Solutions in the Internet of Things 1 Introduction 2 Background and Related Work 3 Research Methodology 4 Privacy Preserving Blockchain-Based Solutions in IoT 4.1 FairAccess 4.2 BC Gateways 4.3 Privacy-Preserving Blockchain Based IoT Ecosystem Using Attribute-Based Encryption (PPB-ABE) 4.4 CapChain 4.5 PPDAC 4.6 ADVOCATE 4.7 SecureSVM 4.8 TrustChain 4.9 PBEM-SGN 4.10 PrivySharing 4.11 Xyreum 4.12 Hy-Bridge 4.13 Blockchain and Federated Learning for Privacy-Preserved Data Sharing in Industrial IoT (BFL-PPDS) 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Sensor Systems and Software Assessment of Video Games Players and Teams Behaviour via Sensing and Heterogeneous Data Analysis: Deployment at an eSports Tournament 1 Introduction 2 Deployment 2.1 Scenario 2.2 Hardware and Sensor Network 2.3 Data Collection 3 Data Analysis 3.1 Game Events 3.2 Heart Rate 3.3 Voice 4 Conclusions References A Feature-Fusion Transfer Learning Method as a Basis to Support Automated Smartphone Recycling in a Circular Smart City 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation and Challenges 1.2 State of the Art of Automated Waste Management and Smartphone Recycling 2 Method: Transfer Learning Approach - Extraction of Information Based on Visual Features 2.1 Transfer Learning Method 3 Implementation 3.1 Classifying Smartphones 3.2 Training the Network 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Controlling the Learning Rate 4.2 Data Augmentation 4.3 Real-Time Smartphone Classification 5 Conclusion References Are Neural Networks Really the Holy Grail? A Comparison of Multivariate Calibration for Low-Cost Environmental Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Determine the Calibration Models 3.1 Calibration Using an ANN-Based Method 3.2 Calibration Using a Regression-Based Method 4 Determining the Model Parameters 4.1 Data and Programming Environment 4.2 Model Parameters for a Regression Based Method 4.3 Model Parameters for an ANN-Based Method 5 Variability of Model Generation 6 Comparing the Model Under Different Training and Testing Scenarios 6.1 Varying the Training Dataset 6.2 Varying the Testing Dataset 7 Influence from the Data Characteristics 8 Conclusions References MOBIUS: Smart Mobility Tracking with Smartphone Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 System Architecture 3.2 Data Collection 3.3 Data Storing 3.4 Data Annotation 3.5 Data Processing 3.6 Machine Learning Model for Automated Classification 3.7 Training 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions and Future Works References An Attack-Resistant Weighted Least Squares Localization Algorithm Based on RSSI 1 Introduction 1.1 Related Works 1.2 Contributions 2 Network Model and Problem Formulations 2.1 Network Model 2.2 Problem Formulations 3 Proposed Algorithm for Secure Localization 3.1 Anchor Nodes Screening Stage 3.2 Location Calculation Stage 4 Performance Evaluation 4.1 Experimental Platform and Parameters Setting 4.2 Simulation Results 5 Conclusion References Smart Governance for Sustainable Smart Cities Promotion as a Tool of Smart Governance in Cities 1 Introduction 2 Smart Governance in Cities and Its Tools 2.1 Modern Forms of Promotion in Smart Governance 3 Material and Methodology 4 Exploitation of Modern Promotion Tools in Slovak Cities 5 Conclusion References Identity Inclusion: A Digital National Identification for All 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Objectives 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Developing the Prototype 3.2 Identity Trust Zones 3.3 Test Prototype 3.4 Smart Contract Deployment 4 Implementation 4.1 Architecture 4.2 Test Setup 4.3 Process Flow 4.4 Implementation Overview 5 Discussion 5.1 The Issue of Cost 5.2 The Issue of Centralization 5.3 Adoption of the Solution 5.4 Tradeoffs 6 Conclusion References Computer Vision Assisted Approaches to Detect Street Garbage from Citizen Generated Imagery 1 Introduction 2 Our Dataset Consisting of 311 Images 3 Our Proposed Methodology for Object (Garbage) Detection and Localization 3.1 Images and Labeling 3.2 Transfer Learning with Pre-trained Object Detection Models 4 Results 4.1 Evaluation Metrics 4.2 Loss and mAP of Faster R-CNN 4.3 Loss and mAP of RetinaNet 5 Discussions, Conclusions and Future Work References Smart Governance in Urban Mobility Process 1 Related Work: Smart Governance and Mobility 1.1 Key Characteristics of the SUMPs in Europe 1.2 SUMPs in Helsinki and Riga 2 Research Method 3 The Case of Tallinn SUMP 3.1 SUMP Design 3.2 SUMP Reality 4 Conclusions 5 Annex: List of Interviews References A Theoretical Framework for GIS-Enabled Public Electronic Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Ugandan Context 2.2 The Role of Public Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management 2.3 Methods of Public Participation 2.4 Public Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) 2.5 Theories for Analyzing E-Participation 2.6 Enhanced Adaptive Structuration Theory (EAST-2) 2.7 Extending the Adaptive Structuration Theory-2 2.8 Study Hypotheses 3 Methodology 3.1 Study Design and Survey Participants 3.2 Data Collection and Data Collection Tools 3.3 Data Processing and Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Characteristics of the Participants 4.2 Measurement Model 4.3 Structural Model 4.4 Hypothesis Testing Results 5 Discussion and Conclusion 5.1 Relationships Among Variables 5.2 Application of the Extended EAST-2 Framework 5.3 Limitations 5.4 Conclusion References IoT in Urban Space A Crowd-Sourced Obstacle Detection and Navigation App for Visually Impaired 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Application Design 3.1 User Interface 3.2 System Architecture 3.3 Navigate 3.4 Assist and Report 4 Obstacle Detection 5 Conclusion References An Ecosystem Approach to the Design of Sensing Systems for Bicycles 1 Research Objectives 2 Related Work 3 A Prototype of Sensing System for Bicycles 3.1 Bicycle Instrumentation 3.2 System Architecture 3.3 Sensor Sampling Algorithm 3.4 Data Collection 4 What to Sense in a Sensing Bicycle 4.1 Universe of Cycling Sensing Possibilities 4.2 Sensors with Relevant Value Propositions 4.3 Collective Optimisation of Cycling Sensors 5 Conclusions and Future Work 5.1 Future Work References Calibration of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors with Elastic Weight Consolidation (EWC) as an Incremental Deep Learning Method 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Design 3.1 Mathematical Foundations of the EWC-Algorithmus 3.2 Construction of the Neural Networks 3.3 Bayesian Optimization 3.4 Trial Procedure 4 Evaluation 4.1 Description of Evaluation Data 4.2 Validation 4.3 Preselection and Data Volume 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Person-Flow Estimation with Preserving Privacy Using Multiple 3D People Counters 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Work About Location Acquisition Techniques and Person-Flow Estimation Methods 2.2 The Position of This Study in Comparison with Related Work 3 Person-Flow Estimation in Open Space 3.1 Target Environment 3.2 Problem Definition 3.3 Procedure of Person-Flow Estimation 4 Details of Proposed Method 4.1 In-Out Estimation 4.2 Interpolation of People In-Out Data 4.3 Visualization 5 Experiment 5.1 In-Out Estimation in Open Space 5.2 Interpolation and Visualization 6 Conclusion References Quality and Reliability Metrics for IoT Systems: A Consolidated View 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Metrics Overview 3.1 Methodology of This Overview 3.2 Quality Metrics to Evaluate an IoT System or Service 3.3 Metrics to Evaluate Effectiveness of the Testing Process 3.4 Metrics Applicable to both Previous Aspects 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Author Index