Science and Engineering of Hydrogen-Based Energy Technologies : Hydrogen Production and Practical Applications in Energy Generation

Science and Engineering of Hydrogen-Based Energy Technologies explores the generation of energy using hydrogen and hydrogen-rich fuels in fuel cells from the perspective of its integration into renewable energy systems using the most sound and current scientific knowledge. The book first examines the evolution of energy utilization and the role expected to be played by hydrogen energy technologies in the world’s energy mix, not just for energy generation, but also for carbon capture, storage and utilization. It provides a general overview of the most common and promising types of fuel cells, such as PEMFCs, SOFCs and direct alcohol fuel cells. The co-production of chemical and electrolysis cells, as well as the available and future materials for fuel cells production are discussed. It then delves into the production of hydrogen from biomass, including waste materials, and from excess electricity produced by other renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro and geothermal. The main technological approaches to hydrogen storage are presented, along with several possible hydrogen energy engineering applications. Science and Engineering of Hydrogen-Based Energy Technologies’s unique approach to hydrogen energy systems makes it useful for energy engineering researchers, professionals and graduate students in this field. Policy makers, energy planning and management professionals, and energy analysts can also benefit from the comprehensive overview that it provides. Presents engineering fundamentals, commercially deployed technologies, up-and-coming developments and applications through a systemic approach Explores the integration of hydrogen technologies in renewable energy systems, including solar, wind, bioenergy and ocean energy Covers engineering standards, guidelines and regulations, as well as policy and social aspects for large-scale deployment of these technologies Front Cover Science and Engineering of Hydrogen-Based Energy Technologies Science and Engineering of Hydrogen-Based Energy Technologies: Hydrogen Production and PracticalApplications in Energy Generation Copyright Contents List of Contributors Foreword Preface 1 - Hydrogen Energy: Sustainable and Perennial OVERVIEW WHAT HYDROGEN ENERGY IS ABOUT FULL IMPLEMENTATION OF HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Green Hydrogen Production Natural Hydrogen HYDROGEN ENERGY APPLICATION CONCLUDING REMARKS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 2 - Fuel Cells INTRODUCTION TO FUEL CELLS Alkaline Fuel Cell Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Solid Acid Fuel Cell Microbial Fuel Cells Enzymatic Fuel Cells POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Operation Mode Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis Cell Operation Mode Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell—Technical Targets Materials—Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells in Transportation Applications Materials—Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells in Transportation Applications Materials—Bipolar Plates for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells in Transportation Applications Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell—Today and Tomorrow SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology Component Single Cell Multicell Stack System Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Technology Component Single Cell Stack System and Application CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES 3 - Potential of Hydrogen Production From Biomass INTRODUCTION HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS Hydrogen Production Through Thermochemical Process Hydrogen Production Through Biological Process BIOMASS AS A FEEDSTOCK FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Agricultural Crops Lignocellulosic and Agroforestry-Based Biomass Food Industry Wastes Dairy Industry Wastewater Distillery Effluent Municipal Wastewater HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS USING BIOLOGICAL ROUTE Dark Fermentation Microorganism Involved in Dark Fermentation Facultative Anaerobes Obligate Anaerobes Coculture and Mixed Culture Metabolic Pathway Involved in Dark Fermentation Metabolic Engineering for the Improvement of Hydrogen Production Effect of Physicochemical Parameters on Hydrogen Production Temperature pH Medium Composition Partial Pressure Soluble End Metabolites Hydraulic Retention Time Mathematical Modeling of Biohydrogen Production Processes Monod Growth Model for Cell Growth Kinetics Modeling of Biohydrogen Production Using Modified Gompertz Equation Luedeking–Piret Model for Product Formation Kinetics Photobiological Processes Photofermentation Algal Fermentation Direct Biophotolysis Indirect Biophotolysis Microalgae as Substrate for Dark Fermentation Microbial Electrolysis Cell SCALE-UP OF BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESS MATERIAL AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESS Material Analysis Energy Analysis IMPROVEMENT OF ENERGY RECOVERY BY TWO-STAGE PROCESSES Improvement of Gaseous Energy Generation by Biohythane Process Improvement of Gaseous Energy Generation by Integration of Photofermentation Integration of Dark Fermentation and Bioelectrochemical System CONCLUSION REFERENCES 4 - Energy Storage Using Hydrogen Produced From Excess Renewable Electricity: Power to Hydrogen MOTIVATION RENEWABLE ENERGY, VOLATILITY, AND STORAGE Grid Stabilization and Short-Term Storage Energy Security and Long-Term Storage Hydrogen Applications Water Electrolysis—A “Game Change” Technology HYDROGEN GENERATION VIA ELECTROLYSIS Brief History of Water Electrolysis Alkaline Water Electrolysis Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis Lessons Learned From the Past Key Players in 2018 (Research and Industry) Principles of Water Electrolysis Thermodynamics Activation Overpotential Ohmic Overpotential Mass Transport Overpotential The Nernst Equation Cell Potentials Versus pH—Water Stability Diagram Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis Basic Principles of Alkaline Water Electrolysis Basic Principles of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis Design and Operation of Cells, Stacks, and Systems ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 5 - Hydrogen Energy Engineering Applications and Products INTRODUCTION 5.1 - Hydrogen Production Technology From Fossil Energy INTRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESSES Hydrogen Production Reaction Catalytic Steam Reforming Partial Oxidation Autothermal Reforming Combined Reforming Industrial Hydrogen Production Process Desulfurization Step Reforming Reaction Process Shift Reaction Process Purification Step THERMODYNAMICS INDUSTRIAL CATALYST DESIGN DEACTIVATION Carbon Formation Poisoning CONCLUSION 5.2 - Hydrogen Storage and Transport Technologies 5.2.1 - High Pressure H2 Storage and LH2 Storage for Transport Technology INTRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH PRESSURE GAS HYDROGEN CONTAINERS Selection of Liner Material Selection of Metallic Materials for Parts Development of Sealing Material Development of 70MPa Class Hydrogen Container Development of Temperature Prediction Model for Gas and Container During Filling STORAGE EFFICIENCY OF LH2 CURRENT LH2 SYSTEM FUTURE LH2 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OF LH2 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CONCLUSION 5.2.2 - Hydrogen Storage and Transport by Organic Hydrides and Application of Ammonia INTRODUCTION ORGANIC CHEMICAL HYDRIDE METHOD DEHYDROGENATION DEVICE AND HYDROGEN REFINERY Performance of Dehydrogenation Catalyst Energy Efficiency of Hydrogen Supply Facility AMMONIA AS ENERGY CARRIER AMMONIA DECOMPOSITION CONCLUSION 5.3 - Utilization of Hydrogen Energy 5.3.1 - Hydrogen Refueling Stations and Fuel Cell Vehicles INTRODUCTION FUEL CELL VEHICLE FUEL CELL VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY High-Pressure Hydrogen Tank Fuel Cell Stack Power Control Unit CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES Clean Exhaust Gas High Energy Efficiency Various Hydrogen Sources Low Noise No Charge Required The FCV as an Emergency Power Supplier HYDROGEN REFUELING STATION Safety Measures for Hydrogen Refueling Stations HYDROGEN PURIFICATION DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF HYDROGEN REFUELING STATIONS IN THE WORLD United States Europe Japan CONCLUSIONS 5.3.2 - Application of Hydrogen Combustion for Electrical and Motive Power Generation INTRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER GENERATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TREND Review of Closed Cycle Study on Hydrogen-Oxygen Combustion Turbine System Simple Rankine Cycle System Reheat Rankine System Toward Future Development of Hydrogen Turbine Technical Tasks for Hydrogen Combustion Hydrogen Combustor in Gas Turbine DEVELOPMENT STATUS Enel (Italy) GE (United States) Japan HYDROGEN AND FOSSIL FUELS Combustion of Hydrogen and Methane Mixed Fuel Coal Gas: A Mixed Gas of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide Combustion of Mixed Fuel of Methane and Ammonia Mixed Combustion of Pulverized Coal and Ammonia CONCLUSION 5.3.3 - Application of Hydrogen by Use of Chemical Reactions of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMICAL REACTION USING HYDROGEN METHANOL SYNTHESIS FROM HYDROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE Methanol Synthesis Reaction Formula From Methane, Water, and Carbon Dioxide Methanol Synthesis Catalyst and Yield Pilot Plant and Its Results Pretreatment Hydrogen Production Methanol Synthesis Separation METHANE SYNTHESIS FROM HYDROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE Significance of Methanation Reaction Methane Synthesis Reaction Methanation Catalyst Safety and Efficiency for Synthesis System CONCLUSIONS 5.3.4 - Application of Hydrogen Storage Alloys NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE RECHARGEABLE BATTERY APPLICATIONS OF METAL HYDRIDE AS A FREEZER SYSTEM [114,116] Operating Principle of a Metal Hydride Freezer [116] Hydrogen Storage Alloys for a Metal Hydride Freezer Energy Consumption and CO2 Reduction CONCLUSION CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES 6 - Regulatory Framework, Safety Aspects, and Social Acceptance of Hydrogen Energy Technologies PREAMBLE STAGE SETTING Hierarchy of Regulatory Framework—Pyramid of RCS BEST PRACTICES AND REGULATIONS, CODES, AND STANDARDS Best Practices Codes and Standards American Society of Mechanical Engineers Perspective [3]. National Fire Protection Association Perspective [4]. Requirements for Codes and Standards Safety Best Practices Attributes Safety Culture Safety Planning Incident Procedures and Communications KEY RELEVANT GLOBAL STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS Importance of Global Standardization and Harmonization—Role of ISO and IEC ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen Technologies Standardization of Fuel Cells at IEC Role of Metrology for RCS Quality and Public Safety Categories of Metrology Key Relevant Attributes of Metrology Metrological International Infrastructure The Metre Convention Key Relevant Organizations Metrological Units SI Units and Prefixes to Express Concentrations of Gases Metrology Conclusion SAFETY, RISK, AND PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE Safety and Risk Concepts and Definitions Risk Acceptance Criteria Risk Criteria and Public Acceptance Guidance on Risk Criteria for Public Acceptance of Hydrogen Fueling Stations Risk-Informed Approach Risk Assessment Tools Public Engagement and Acceptance SOME PRACTICAL EXAMPLES Selection of Credible Leak Orifice for Risk Assessment and Safety Engineering EC 60079-10-1:2015 [52]. Sandia National Labs Analysis for NFPA 2/55 Separation Distances Recent Industry Practice HyApproval Other Examples Canadian Hydrogen Airport Project. HyQRA by NoE HySafe. Stuart Energy Experience. Japan High-Pressure Gas Safety Law. Summary On Hydrogen Flammability and Lean Limits of Combustion Defense-in-Depth Approach to Safety No Ventilation, No Operation Principle Gas Purging Pushing Purge Continuous Dilution Purge Step-by-Step Dilution Purge IN SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FROM THE FIRST AUTHOR REFERENCES 7 - Roadmapping AN INTRODUCTION TO ROADMAPPING What Is a Roadmap and What Is It for? Roadmaps and Scenarios Are Not Synonyms How Roadmapping Can Consider the Future Why Is a Roadmap Useful? Who Uses Roadmaps, and How? TYPES OF ROADMAP Public Body Strategy Single Industry Lobbying or Industry-Led Analysis Coordinated Industrial Strategy International Framework Typical Roadmap Audiences THE COMPONENTS OF A ROADMAP Data and Analysis Activities Baseline Research Roadmap Development Considering System Effects Analytical Support Expert Input Typical Outputs PUBLIC POLICY The Importance of Policy Where Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Fit Into Policy What Is Special About Hydrogen and Fuel Cells? The Value of Externalities Where Policy Can Act Effective Policymaking EXAMPLE HFC ROADMAPS Global Roadmaps IEA HFC Technology Roadmap [9]. The Hydrogen Council—Hydrogen Scaling up [10]. Country or Regional Roadmaps Japan UK China The United States Australia ROADMAPS: IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 8 - Market, Commercialization, and Deployment—Toward Appreciating Total Owner Cost of Hydrogen Energy Technologies HYDROGEN IN THE MARKET TODAY Applications Refinery Use of Hydrogen Ammonia Synthesis Food Industry Metallurgy Chemical Industry Other Uses: Power Industry, Electronics, Glass, and Others Energetic Use Hydrogen Markets Market Types Market Volumes CAPEX VERSUS OPEX—TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP FOR HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES Improved Conversion Efficiencies Price Stability Effects Levies and Taxes Pump Price Versus Societal Costs—The Concept of “Externalities” FUTURE COMMERCIALIZATION PROSPECTS OF HYDROGEN: EMERGING BUSINESS CASES The Hydrogen Passenger Car Hydrogen, Synthetic Fuels, and Carbon Certificates CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Back Cover