Science and civilisation in China. Volume 6, Biology and biologicial technology. Part VI, Medicine

Needham Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China Vol. 6 Biology and Biological Technology - Part 6 Medicine 2000 [pdf 281sc 261c. 8.28mb]The latest volume in Joseph Needham's magisterial revelation of China's premodern scientific and technological traditions introduces medicine. Five essays are included by Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei-djen, edited and expanded upon by the editor, Nathan Sivin. The essays offer broad and readable accounts of medicine in culture, including hygiene and preventive medicine, forensic medicine and immunology. Professor Sivin's extensive introduction discusses these essays, placing them in their historical and medical context, and surveys recent medical discoveries from China, Japan, Europe and the United States. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 7 Title......Page 9 Copyright......Page 10 Dedication......Page 11 CONTENTS......Page 13 ILLUSTRATIONS......Page 16 TABLES......Page 17 SERIES EDITOR’S PREFACE......Page 19 EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION......Page 21 THE CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME......Page 23 RECURRENT THEMES......Page 26 Science, magic and religion......Page 29 Taoism......Page 30 Confluence......Page 33 Boundaries between science and technology......Page 34 Medical history......Page 36 Sinology......Page 37 RESEARCH IN ASIA......Page 38 CURRENT AND FUTURE RESEARCH ISSUES......Page 41 European and American medicine......Page 42 Chinese medicine......Page 43 Theory and practice......Page 45 Local studies......Page 46 Medical pluralism......Page 48 Experience of patients......Page 49 Negotiation in medical encounters......Page 50 Economics of medical practice......Page 51 Occupational organisation......Page 52 TERRA INCOGNITA: THE SCIENTIFIC VALUE OF THERAPIES......Page 54 EDITING CONVENTIONS......Page 56 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 57 (1) THE GENERAL POSITION OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL DOCTORS IN TRADITIONAL-CHINESE SOCIETY......Page 58 (2) THE PRINCIPAL DOCTRINES OF CHINESE MEDICINE......Page 62 (3) THE FATHERS AND THEIR HISTORY......Page 65 (4) INFLUENCES OF BUREAUCRATISM ON CHINESE MEDICINE......Page 72 (5) INFLUENCES OF THE CHINESE RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS ON MEDICINE......Page 77 (6) ACCUPNCTURE......Page 80 (8) THE POSSIBLE INTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL-CHINESE AND MODERN-WESTERN MEDICINE......Page 85 (2) EARLY CONCEPTS OF PREVENTION......Page 87 (3) ANCIENT LITERATURE......Page 90 (4) THE YELLOW EMPEROR'S TREATISE......Page 94 (5) HYGIENE, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL......Page 96 (i) Diet......Page 98 (ii) Water and tea......Page 100 (iii) Cooking and nutritional hygiene......Page 101 (7) PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATIONS......Page 104 (8) CARE OF TEETH......Page 110 (9) SPECIFIC DISEASES: THE EXAMPLE OF RABIES......Page 111 (10) COMPARISONS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 112 (1) INTRODUCATION......Page 115 (2) MEDICAL POSTS......Page 116 (4) MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS......Page 118 (5) PROVINCIAL MEDICAL EDUCATION......Page 124 (6) SUNG MEDICAL EDUCATION......Page 125 (7) SUNG MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS......Page 128 (8) ISLAMIC INFLUENCE ON EUROPE......Page 131 (9) CHINESE INFLUENCE ON ISLAM......Page 132 (10) CONCLUSIONS......Page 133 (I) INTRODUCATION......Page 134 (2) SMALLPOX IN HISTORY......Page 144 (3) AETIOLOGY AND THEORY IN CHINA......Page 147 (4) THE EARLIEST MENTIONS OF INOCULATION......Page 154 (5) METHODS OF INOCULATION......Page 160 (6) ATTENUATION......Page 163 (7) VARIOLATION IN THE WEST......Page 165 (8) VACCINATION......Page 169 (i) Wang Tan......Page 174 (ii) Religious connections of inoculation......Page 176 (iii) Sickness and sin......Page 181 (10) THE ETHNOGRAPHICAL DIMENSION......Page 184 (11) CONCLUSION......Page 188 WANG TAN......Page 189 THE RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS OF INOCULATIONS......Page 191 CONCLUSION......Page 193 (e )FORENSIC MEDICINE......Page 195 (1) SUNG TZHU AND HIS TIMES......Page 197 (2) THE HSI YÜAN CHI LU......Page 198 (3) FORENSIC MEDICINE IN CHINA BEFORE SUNG TZHU......Page 199 (4) THE BAMBOO SLIPS OF CHHIN......Page 201 (5) EARLIER EVIDENCE......Page 206 (6) THE DEVLOPMENT OF THE SUBJECT IN YÜAN AND MING......Page 207 (7) THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUBJECT IN CHHING TIMES......Page 208 (8) MATTERS OF MEDICAL INTEREST......Page 212 (9) SOME COMPARISONS WITH EUROPE......Page 216 (1) TRANSLATIONS......Page 219 (2) EDITIONS......Page 220 BIBLIOGRAPHIES......Page 221 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......Page 222 NEW EDITIONS......Page 224 A. CHINESE AND JAPANESE BOOKS BEFORE +1800......Page 225 B. CHINESE AND JAPANESE BOOKS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES SINCE +1800......Page 232 C. BOOKS AND ARTICLES IN WESTERN LANGUAGES......Page 239 ROMANISATION CONVERSION TABLES......Page 256 ROMANISATION CONVERSION TABLES......Page 257 INDEX......Page 263 Cover 1 Half-title 3 Series-title 7 Title 9 Copyright 10 Dedication 11 CONTENTS 13 ILLUSTRATIONS 16 TABLES 17 SERIES EDITOR’S PREFACE 19 EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION 21 THE CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 23 RECURRENT THEMES 26 PROBLEMATIC FOUNDATIONS 29 Science, magic and religion 29 Taoism 30 Confluence 33 Boundaries between science and technology 34 Positivism 36 MEDICAL HISTORY AND CHINESE STUDIES 36 Medical history 36 Sinology 37 RESEARCH IN ASIA 38 CURRENT AND FUTURE RESEARCH ISSUES 41 European and American medicine 42 Chinese medicine 43 Integration of intellectual and social history 45 Theory and practice 45 Local studies 46 Explaining change 48 Medical pluralism 48 Gender, ethnic group and social class 49 Experience of patients 49 Negotiation in medical encounters 50 Economics of medical practice 51 Occupational organisation 52 TERRA INCOGNITA: THE SCIENTIFIC VALUE OF THERAPIES 54 EDITING CONVENTIONS 56 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 57 44 MEDICINE 58 (a ) MEDICINE IN CHINESE CULTURE 58 (1) THE GENERAL POSITION OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL DOCTORS IN TRADITIONAL-CHINESE SOCIETY 58 (2) THE PRINCIPAL DOCTRINES OF CHINESE MEDICINE 62 (3) THE FATHERS AND THEIR HISTORY 65 (4) INFLUENCES OF BUREAUCRATISM ON CHINESE MEDICINE 72 (5) INFLUENCES OF THE CHINESE RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS ON MEDICINE 77 (6) ACCUPNCTURE 80 (7) THE CONTRAST BETWEEN TRADITIONAL-CHINESE AND MODERN-WESTERN MEDICINE 85 (8) THE POSSIBLE INTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL-CHINESE AND MODERN-WESTERN MEDICINE 85 (b ) HYGIENE AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 87 (1) INTRODUCTION 87 (2) EARLY CONCEPTS OF PREVENTION 87 (3) ANCIENT LITERATURE 90 (4) THE YELLOW EMPEROR'S TREATISE 94 (5) HYGIENE, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL 96 (6) PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL REGIMEN 98 (i) Diet 98 (ii) Water and tea 100 (iii) Cooking and nutritional hygiene 101 (7) PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATIONS 104 (8) CARE OF TEETH 110 (9) SPECIFIC DISEASES: THE EXAMPLE OF RABIES 111 (10) COMPARISONS AND CONCLUSIONS 112 (c ) QUALIFYING EXAMINATIONS 115 (1) INTRODUCATION 115 (2) MEDICAL POSTS 116 (3) MEDICAL TEACHING 118 (4) MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS 118 (5) PROVINCIAL MEDICAL EDUCATION 124 (6) SUNG MEDICAL EDUCATION 125 (7) SUNG MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS 128 (8) ISLAMIC INFLUENCE ON EUROPE 131 (9) CHINESE INFLUENCE ON ISLAM 132 (10) CONCLUSIONS 133 (d )THE ORIGINS OF IMMUNOLOGY 134 (I) INTRODUCATION 134 (2) SMALLPOX IN HISTORY 144 (3) AETIOLOGY AND THEORY IN CHINA 147 (4) THE EARLIEST MENTIONS OF INOCULATION 154 (5) METHODS OF INOCULATION 160 (6) ATTENUATION 163 (7) VARIOLATION IN THE WEST 165 (8) VACCINATION 169 (9) THE BACKGROUND RELIGIOUS TRADITION IN CHINA 174 (i) Wang Tan 174 (ii) Religious connections of inoculation 176 (iii) Sickness and sin 181 (10) THE ETHNOGRAPHICAL DIMENSION 184 (11) CONCLUSION 188 APPENDIX: EDITOR’S NOTE 189 WANG TAN 189 THE RELIGIOUS CONNECTIONS OF INOCULATIONS 191 SICKNESS AND SIN 193 CONCLUSION 193 (e )FORENSIC MEDICINE 195 (1) SUNG TZHU AND HIS TIMES 197 (2) THE HSI YÜAN CHI LU 198 (3) FORENSIC MEDICINE IN CHINA BEFORE SUNG TZHU 199 (4) THE BAMBOO SLIPS OF CHHIN 201 (5) EARLIER EVIDENCE 206 (6) THE DEVLOPMENT OF THE SUBJECT IN YÜAN AND MING 207 (7) THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUBJECT IN CHHING TIMES 208 (8) MATTERS OF MEDICAL INTEREST 212 (9) SOME COMPARISONS WITH EUROPE 216 APPENDIX: EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS OF HSI YÜAN CHI LU 219 (1) TRANSLATIONS 219 (2) EDITIONS 220 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 221 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 222 NEW EDITIONS 224 A. CHINESE AND JAPANESE BOOKS BEFORE +1800 225 B. CHINESE AND JAPANESE BOOKS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES SINCE +1800 232 C. BOOKS AND ARTICLES IN WESTERN LANGUAGES 239 ROMANISATION CONVERSION TABLES 256 ROMANISATION CONVERSION TABLES 257 INDEX 263 Joseph Needham's Science and Civilisation in China is a monumental piece of scholarship which breaks new ground in presenting to the Western reader a detailed and coherent account of the development of science, technology and medicine in China from the earliest times until the advent of the Jesuits and the beginnings of modern science in the late seventeenth century. It is a vast work, necessarily more suited to the scholar and research worker than the general reader. This paperback version, abridged and re-written by Colin Ronan, makes this extremely important study accessible to a wider public. The present book covers the material treated in volumes I and II of Dr Needham's original work. The reader is introduced to the country of China, its history, geography and language, and an account is given of how scientific knowledge travelled between China and Europe. The major part of the book is then devoted to the history of scientific thought in China itself. Beginning with ancient times, it describes the milieu in which arose the schools of the Confucians, Taoists, Mohists, Logicians and Legalists. We are thus brought on to the fundamental ideas which dominated scientific thinking in the Chinese Middle Ages, to the doctrines of the Two Forces (Yin and Yang) and the Five Elements (wu hsing), to the impact of the sceptical tradition and Buddhist and Neo-Confucian thought.--Publisher description. The latest volume in Joseph Needham's magisterial review of China's premodern scientific and technological traditions introduces the history of medicine. Following the deaths of Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei-Djen, a considerable amount of written material on the development of Chinese medicine awaited publication. This material has been gathered together by the editor, Nathan Sivin, in the five essays contained in this volume. They offer a broad and readable account of medicine in culture, including hygiene and preventive medicine, forensic medicine and immunology, and the examinations taken by some Chinese physicians for more than a thousand years. Professor Sivin has edited the essays, expanding them where appropriate and incorporating the results of recent research. His extensive introduction discusses the contributions of Needham and Lu, placing the essays in context, and surveys recent scholarship from China, Japan, Europe and the United States.

A further volume in Joseph Needham's magisterial revelation on China which introduces the history of medicine.

Journal of the American Medical Association

This volume is most highly recommended. Although written as a treatise for scholars, the story is told in a manner that everyone should enjoy. The blending of the special unique talents of the three writers—Lu's to ferret, sift, and select the relevant material, Needham's to provide perspective and global significance as only he could, and Sivin's masterful editing of biomedical science and technology with a humanistic touch—makes for interesting and educational reading for experts and nonscholars.

The latest volume in Joseph Needham's magisterial revelation of China's premodern and technological traditions introduces medicine. Five essays are included by Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei-djen, edited and expanded upon by the editor, Nathan Sivin. Professor Sivin's introduction discusses the essays and surveys recent scholarship across the world. Volume 6. Part III of Science and Civilisation in China contains two separate works. The first, by Christian Daniels, is a comprehensive history of Chinese sugar cane technology from ancient times to the early twentieth century. The second, by Nicholas K. Menzies, is a history of forestry in China. First of all it is necessary to consider the relations between the great medical systems of humanity and the cultures or civilisations in which they arose.