Scandoromani: Remnants of a Mixed Language (Brill's Studies in Language, Cognition and Culture, 7)

Scandoromani: Remnants of a Mixed Language is the first, comprehensive, international description of the language of the Swedish and Norwegian Romano, also labeled resande/reisende. The language, an official minority language in Sweden and Norway, has a history in Scandinavia going back to the early 16th century. A mixed language of Romani and Scandinavian, it is spoken today by a vanishingly small population of mainly elderly people. This book is based on in-depth linguistic interviews with two native speakers of different families (one of whom is the co-author) as well as reviews of earlier sources on Scandoromani. The study reveals a number of interesting features of the language, as well as of mixed languages in general. In particular, the study gives support to the model of autonomy of mixed languages. Contents 6 List of Figures 9 Acknowledgements 10 List of Abbreviations 11 Spelling and Glossing Conventions 13 List of Contributors 16 Chapter 1 Scandoromani: Language and Speakers 18 1.1. Background 18 1.1.1. The Various Groups of Travellers and Roma in Scandinavia 18 1.1.2. The Scandoroma: Language, Culture, and Identity 19 1.2. Scandoromani: A Mixed Language 22 1.2.1. Introduction 22 1.2.2. Earlier Sources of Scandoromani 25 1.2.3. What Is a ‘Real’ Language? On Broken Variants and In-Group Lexicons 28 1.2.4. Influence on Scandinavian 32 1.3. Structure and Position of Scandoromani 34 1.3.1. Mixture Patterns 34 1.3.2. Placing Scandoromani in the Northwestern Romani Continuum 35 Chapter 2 The Sounds of a Mixed Language 41 2.1. Introduction 41 2.1.1. Speakers and Available Recordings 41 2.1.2. Allophonic Variation, Minimal Pairs, and the Phoneme Inventory 42 2.2. Methods and Materials 43 2.3. The Vowel System 44 2.3.1. Swedish 44 2.3.2. Swedish Romani 45 2.4. The Consonant System 47 2.4.1. The Core System of Equivalent Swedish Consonants 47 2.4.2. The Bilabial Approximant [w] 48 2.4.3. Affricates 48 2.4.4. The Voiceless Post-Alveolar Fricatives 49 2.4.5. Stops and Aspiration 59 2.5. Word-level Prosody 66 2.5.1. Lexical Stress 66 2.5.2. Quantity 68 2.5.3. Lexical Pitch Accents 69 2.6. Patterns of Allophonic Variation 72 2.7. Phonological Complexity 73 2.8. Historical Background 77 Chapter 3 The Interdependence of Adaptation, Derivation, and Inflection in a Mixed Morphology 81 3.1. General Remarks 81 3.2. Nominal Morphology 82 3.2.1. Basic Principles 82 3.2.2. Nominal Inflection 87 3.2.3. Derivational and Loan Word Adaptational Morphology 93 3.3. Verb Morphology 97 3.3.1. Background 97 3.3.2. Inflectional Morphology 97 3.3.3. Derivational Morphology 98 3.4. The Emergence of a Mixed Morphology 99 3.4.1. Development of a New Morphology: Innovation and Structural Memory 99 3.4.2. Strategies for Adaptation of Loan Words 100 3.4.3. Attributes of a Mixed Morphology: Lexical Manipulation, Heavy Morphology, and the Anti-Zipfian Effect 101 Chapter 4 Outline of a Syntax 108 4.1. Use of Unmarked Verbal Form 108 4.2. Subject Place-Holder Omission 109 4.3. Verbal Place-Holder Omission 110 4.4. Relative Pronoun Deletion 111 4.5. Patterns of Code-Mixing in Free, Narrative and Written Speech 112 4.6. Samples of Speech 113 4.6.1. Frog Story 113 4.6.2. Story About a Fight 115 Chapter 5 Conclusion: Support for an Autonomous Model 117 Appendix I Vocabulary 120 Appendix II Texts 235 II.1 Trin phralarna 235 II.2 Lollohubb 270 References 300 Author Index 306 Language Index 308 Subject Index 309 This Book Is The First, Comprehensive, International Description Of The Language Of The Swedish And Norwegian Romano, Also Labeled Resande/reisende. The Language, An Official Minority Language In Sweden And Norway, Has A History In Scandinavia Going Back To The Early 16th Century. A Mixed Language Of Romani And Scandinavian, It Is Spoken Today By A Vanishingly Small Population Of Mainly Elderly People. This Book Is Based On Linguistic, Deep Interviews With Two Native Speakers Of Different Families (one Of Whom Is The Co-author) As Well As Reviews Of Earlier Sources On Scandoromani. The Study Reveals A Number Of Interesting Features Of The Language, As Well As Of Mixed Languages In General. In Particular, The Study Gives Support To The Model Of Autonomy Of Mixed Languages. By Gerd Carling ; Lenny Lindell And Gilbert Ambrazaitis. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. Scandoromani: Remnants of a Mixed Language is a study of the language of the Swedish and Norwegian Romano, an official minority language in Sweden and Norway, which has been spoken in these countries since the early 16th century