Scandinavian Penal History, Culture and Prison Practice: Embraced By the Welfare State? (Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology)

This Book Draws On Historical And Cross-disciplinary Studies To Critically Examine Penal Practices In Scandinavia. The Nordic Countries Are Often Hailed By International Observers As 'model Societies', With Egalitarian Welfare Policies, Low Rates Of Poverty, Humane Social Policies And Human Rights Oriented Internal Agendas. This Book, However, Paints A Much More Nuanced Picture Of The Welfare Policies, Ideologies And Social Control In Strong Centralistic States. Based On Extensive New Empirical Data, Leading Nordic And International Scholars Discuss The Relationship Between Prison Conditions In Scandinavia And Scandinavian Social Policy More Generally, And Argue That It Is Not Always Liberating And Constructive To Be Embraced By A Powerful Welfare State. This Book Is Essential Reading For Researchers Of State Punishment In Scandinavia, And It Is Highly Relevant For Anyone Interested In The 'nordic Model' Of Social Policy. Peter Scharff Smith, Thomas Ugelvik, Editors. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Scandinavian Penal History, Culture and Prison Practice 4 Contents 6 Contributors 10 List of Figures 13 List of Tables 14 Part I Introduction 15 Introduction: Punishment, Welfare and Prison History in Scandinavia 16 Visiting Prisons with Prison Visitors—Experiencing the Foreign Eye on Scandinavia 18 Social Control in a Scandinavian Welfare State 20 Scandinavian Prison History in the Eyes of International Observers 23 Early Scandinavian Prison Reform 25 From Import to Export—Modern Scandinavian Prisons in International Context 26 Scandinavian Penal Exceptionalism? 30 Scandinavian Exceptionalism and Scandinavian Prisons—What We Need to Know 33 The Structure, Scope and Content of the Book 37 References 40 Part II The Developmentof Scandinavian Prison Practice 45 “First We Build the Factory, Then We Add the Institution”: Prison, Work and Welfare State in Sweden c.1930–1970 46 Labour and the Swedish Welfare State 46 Prison Work 48 The Beginning of a New Penal Policy in Sweden 50 Work as the Principal Treatment Method in the Welfare State Prisons 53 The Man in the Middle 56 The 1960s—The Height of Prison Work in Sweden 59 Prison Work and the Welfare State Citizen 62 References 65 Prisons of Labor: Social Democracy and the Triple Transformation of the Politics of Punishment in Norway, 1900–2014 68 Introduction 68 Three Faces of Penality 70 Penality as Paternalism (1900–1945) 70 Penality as Treatment (1945–2000) 76 Penality as Dualization (2000–2014) 81 Conclusion 87 References 88 The Rise of the Open Prisons and the Breakthrough of the Principle of Normalisation from the 1930s Until Today 92 The Introduction of the Open Prison Model in Denmark 93 The Principle of Normalisation 95 A Different Prison—Kragskovhede Open Prison 97 Treatment Philosophy for Open Prisons 99 Prison Reforms and the Danish Open Prisons 103 The Open Prisons Lose Their Momentum 108 References 111 A Culture of Intervention—Vagrancy and Drug Treatment in Sweden from the Late 19th Century Until Today 114 Part I—Vagrancy and the Culture of Intervention—The Social Question 116 The Teleological History of the Social Democratic Welfare State 117 The People’s Home—Giving Up Class Struggle 118 The Work Strategy and the Conscientious Worker 120 Transforming Unemployment 121 Reframing the Social Question 123 Part II: Re-Inventing a Culture of Intervention—Drug, Sobriety and Temperance 126 The Work Strategy as Rehabilitation 128 An Alien Threat 129 Drug Policy as Social Policing 130 The Welfare State—A Liberal Project? 131 Law vs. History 132 Final Remarks 133 References 133 Part III The Scandinavian Model: From Remand to Release 137 Punishment Without Conviction? Scandinavian Pre-trial Practices and the Power of the “Benevolent” State 138 Scandinavian Exceptionalism and the Forgotten Remand Prisoners 140 Remand Practice and Welfare State Values 144 Scandinavian Pre-sentence Practices—A Few Examples 147 Danish Remand Practice 149 Contact with Relatives and the World Outside 152 Special Restrictions—The “Correspondence and Visit Control” Regime 153 Telephone Access 156 Remand Imprisonment and Prisoner Rights in Different Jurisdictions 157 Forceful State Interventions—Individual Rights, Trust and the Power of the Welfare State 159 References 162 Guarding, Guiding, Gate Opening: Prison Officer Work in a Norwegian Welfare Context 165 Introduction 165 Materials and Method 167 The Political and Professional Leadership—Better Out than In! 169 Anne A—The Prison Officer Who Became Tired of Saying No 174 Different Ideals, Different Values 178 Closing Remarks 181 References 182 Treating Drug Abusers in Prison: Competing Paradigms Anchored in Different Welfare Ideologies. The Case of Sweden 185 Introduction 185 Methods and Data 187 The Swedish Prison System—Some Short Facts 188 A Growing Impact of Neo-liberal Policy, and a “Security Turn” 189 Two Cases—Two Treatment Models 190 First Case: Milieu Therapeutic Principles and a Twelve-Step Program in a Women’s Prison 191 Relational Work in Focus 193 The Relation Between Security and Treatment 194 Second Case: CBT in a Men’s Prison 195 Treatment Assignment 196 The Relation Between Security and Treatment 197 Relational Work or Distantiation? 198 Treatment in Prisons—Institutional Change in a Changing Political Framework 201 Relational Work—A Methodological Watershed Between the Two Models 201 Competing Prison Treatment Paradigms in Historical Light 203 A Step Up: Prison Policy in Its Ideological Context—Changes in Welfare Regime 205 References 209 Is Prison Drug Treatment a Welfare Service? 213 Introduction 213 Data 216 Policy Level 217 Institutional Level 219 Prisoners 222 Discussion 223 References 228 The Development of Education in Norwegian Prisons 233 Introduction 233 Everyone Shall Be Included—But a Few Are Excluded 235 The Import Model—A Welfare Policy Measure 239 Strategies for Highlighting Education in Prisons 241 White Paper on Education in Prison 244 International Cooperation 246 The Right to Education and the Import Model Today 248 Education in Prison Was Not Embraced by the Welfare State, but Has Become Part of It 249 Bibliography 252 Exceptional Procedures? Offenders’ Experiences of Justice in Re-entry Work 256 Introduction 256 Procedural Justice 258 Methods and Data 260 Trust 261 Responsibility 263 Equality of Treatment 264 The Justice of Difference 265 Respectful Treatment 267 Empowerment 269 Exceptional Procedures 270 References 274 Released to the “Battlefield” of the Danish Welfare State: A Battle Between Support and Personal Responsibility 277 Introduction 277 Method 280 The Struggle for Power Between Rehabilitation and Intensive Debt Recovery 281 Informally Convicted to Indebtedness Post-release 282 Income: Employment, Social Security Benefit, or Crime? 284 Work Should Pay—But It Does Not 285 Welfare Dependency—A Way Around the Debt Problem 286 Sliding Out of the Activating Welfare System and into Crime 289 The Battle Within the Welfare State Affects More than Income 291 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 294 References 298 Scandinavian Acceptionalism? Developments in Community Sanctions in Norway 302 Introduction 302 So What’s so Special About Norway? 303 Central Features in Norwegian Corrections 306 Discretionary Powers 306 The Principle of Normality 308 The Import Model 310 Employee Training 311 Emphasis on Reintegration Through Progression 311 Implementing Sanctions in the Community—The Discretionary Powers of the Correctional Services 312 The Community Sentence (‘Samfunnsstraff’) 314 Acceptance of the Community Sentence 316 The Decrease in the Use of Community Sentences 322 Conclusion 326 Bibliography 327 Part IV The Principle of Normalisation—Theory and Practice 330 Normalisation in Nordic Prisons—From a Prison Governor’s Perspective 331 What Does the Law Say? 332 Defensive and Proactive Normalisation 332 Finland 333 Greenland 333 Denmark 334 Sweden 334 Faroe Islands 335 Iceland 335 Norway 335 Requirements Under International Law 338 What Is Supposed to Be Normal? 340 Normality and Prison Security 341 Normality as a Principle? 342 Normalisation as a Means or a Strategy? 343 Normality as the Aim 345 Who Defines Normality? 346 Normality in Practice 347 Voting Rights and Other Civil Rights 347 Self-Catering Schemes for Inmates 348 Equality and Welfare 349 Religious Services 350 Digital Life 351 Public Sense of Justice and Freedom of Expression 352 Hunting and Fishing in Greenland 353 A Democratic Demand and an Aim of Prison Policy 354 Bibliography 355 Prison Food in Denmark: Normal Responsibility or Ethnocentric Imaginations? 357 Introduction 357 Danish Corrections: Organizing Principles 359 Danish Correction: Prisoner Demographics 361 Danish Corrections: Description of Food Systems 363 Research about Prison Food 365 Methodology 365 Participant Recruitment, Data Collection, and Data Analysis 366 Findings 367 Remand Center/Catered Food: Not Normal 368 Unpalatable 368 Cell Cooking 370 Open and Closed Prisons/Self-Catering Systems: Normal-ish 370 Food and Visitors 373 The Unfamiliar Normal 373 Discussion 374 References 377 Being a Woman in Mixed-Gender Prisons 381 Introduction 381 Female Prisoners—Visible in Research and Prison Practice? 382 Placement 384 Mixed-Gender Imprisonment 385 Historical Perspectives on the Danish Mixed-Gender Practice 386 Gender Equality in Denmark 387 Active Subjects Living ‘Viable Lives’? 388 The Normalization Principle 390 Women’s Conditions in Danish Prisons—Diverse and Different 392 Diversity and Security in Mixed-Gender Regimes 394 Women as Active Participants—And Repressed Subjects 396 Decent Life Conditions and Viable Lives? 399 A Women’s Prison? 400 References 402 The Limits of the Welfare State? Foreign National Prisoners in the Norwegian Crimmigration Prison 408 What Is a Welfare State Prison? 410 The Norwegian Way: The Principle of Normality and the Import Model 413 What About Foreign National Prisoners? 414 Everyday Welfare in the Crimmigration Prison 416 The Production of Future Welfare 419 Welfare State Crimmigration Prisons? 421 References 423 Part V A View from the Outside—Scandinavian Penal Practice Under Foreign Scrutiny 427 In Search of Norwegian Penal Exceptionalism: A Prison Tourist’s Perspective 428 Introduction 428 Methodology and Design 429 A Land of Equality and Solidarity? 431 Bastøy Prison Tourist Island 432 Kroksrud and Ullersmo 436 Small Is Beautiful? Eidsberg and Trøgstad 440 Conclusion 443 References 446 The View from Elsewhere: Scandinavian Penal Practices and International Critique 451 Introduction 451 A Broad Picture: The UN Treaty Bodies 454 A Comparative Method 459 Scandinavian States 461 Denmark 461 Sweden 462 Norway 464 Comparator States 465 Belgium 465 Italy 466 Germany 468 United Kingdom 469 Summary 470 Conclusion: Strong State Social Welfarism as Explanation? 473 References 475 Negotiating Imperfect Humanity in the Danish Penal System 480 Methods 483 Exceptional Conditions and a Danish Commitment to Normalization 485 Balancing Hard and Soft 489 The Role of Imperfection and Leaving Room for Error 498 When Mistakes Cease to Be Acceptable 502 References 505 Part VI Conclusion 508 Punishment and Welfare in Scandinavia 509 Are Scandinavian Prisons Welfare Institutions? 509 Rehabilitation, Welfare, Rights and Power 512 Drug Treatment 514 Normalisation 515 Security Levels and Regimes 518 Individualised Treatment 520 Release, Re-entry and Inclusion 522 A Scandinavian Way of Doing Things? 525 Index 528 Front Matter ....Pages i-xv Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 Introduction: Punishment, Welfare and Prison History in Scandinavia (Peter Scharff Smith, Thomas Ugelvik)....Pages 3-31 Front Matter ....Pages 33-33 “First We Build the Factory, Then We Add the Institution”: Prison, Work and Welfare State in Sweden c.1930–1970 (Roddy Nilsson)....Pages 35-56 Prisons of Labor: Social Democracy and the Triple Transformation of the Politics of Punishment in Norway, 1900–2014 (Victor L. Shammas)....Pages 57-80 The Rise of the Open Prisons and the Breakthrough of the Principle of Normalisation from the 1930s Until Today (Peter Fransen)....Pages 81-102 A Culture of Intervention—Vagrancy and Drug Treatment in Sweden from the Late 19th Century Until Today (Robert Andersson)....Pages 103-125 Front Matter ....Pages 127-127 Punishment Without Conviction? Scandinavian Pre-trial Practices and the Power of the “Benevolent” State (Peter Scharff Smith)....Pages 129-155 Guarding, Guiding, Gate Opening: Prison Officer Work in a Norwegian Welfare Context (Terje Emil Fredwall)....Pages 157-176 Treating Drug Abusers in Prison: Competing Paradigms Anchored in Different Welfare Ideologies. The Case of Sweden (Anders Bruhn, Odd Lindberg, Per Åke Nylander)....Pages 177-204 Is Prison Drug Treatment a Welfare Service? (Torsten Kolind)....Pages 205-224 The Development of Education in Norwegian Prisons (Torfinn Langelid)....Pages 225-247 Exceptional Procedures? Offenders’ Experiences of Justice in Re-entry Work (Ingrid Rindal Lundeberg)....Pages 249-269 Released to the “Battlefield” of the Danish Welfare State: A Battle Between Support and Personal Responsibility (Annette Olesen)....Pages 271-295 Scandinavian Acceptionalism? Developments in Community Sanctions in Norway (Gerhard Ploeg)....Pages 297-324 Front Matter ....Pages 325-325 Normalisation in Nordic Prisons—From a Prison Governor’s Perspective (Hans Jørgen Engbo)....Pages 327-352 Prison Food in Denmark: Normal Responsibility or Ethnocentric Imaginations? (Linda Kjær Minke, Amy B. Smoyer)....Pages 353-376 Being a Woman in Mixed-Gender Prisons (Charlotte Mathiassen)....Pages 377-403 The Limits of the Welfare State? Foreign National Prisoners in the Norwegian Crimmigration Prison (Thomas Ugelvik)....Pages 405-423 Front Matter ....Pages 425-425 In Search of Norwegian Penal Exceptionalism: A Prison Tourist’s Perspective (Tom Vander Beken)....Pages 427-449 The View from Elsewhere: Scandinavian Penal Practices and International Critique (Malcolm Langford, Aled Dilwyn Fisher, Johan Karlsson Schaffer, Frida Pareus)....Pages 451-479 Negotiating Imperfect Humanity in the Danish Penal System (Keramet Reiter, Lori Sexton, Jennifer Sumner)....Pages 481-508 Front Matter ....Pages 509-509 Punishment and Welfare in Scandinavia (Peter Scharff Smith, Thomas Ugelvik)....Pages 511-529 Back Matter ....Pages 531-540 "This book draws on historical and cross-disciplinary studies to critically examine penal practices in Scandinavia. The Nordic countries are often hailed by international observers as 'model societies', with egalitarian welfare policies, low rates of poverty, humane social policies and human rights oriented internal agendas. This book, however, paints a much more nuanced picture of the welfare policies, ideologies and social control in strong centralistic states. Based on extensive new empirical data, leading Nordic and international scholars discuss the relationship between prison conditions in Scandinavia and Scandinavian social policy more generally, and argue that it is not always liberating and constructive to be embraced by a powerful welfare state. This book is essential reading for researchers of state punishment in Scandinavia, and it is highly relevant for anyone interested in the 'Nordic Model' of social policy."-- Provided by publisher