’Saviours of the Nation’: Serbia’s Intellectual Opposition and the Revival of Nationalism

An examination of the trajectory of Serbia's dissidence, from its origins in the 1950s to its consolidation in the early 1980s around the defence of civil and human rights. Yugoslavia's breakup in 1991 and the wars that followed in its wake have been widely blamed on Serbian nationalism. Most analyses, however, have not examined this nationalism in the years before Slobodan Milosevic's rise to power, when its principal articulators were opposition intellectuals. Jasna Dragovic-Soso asks why this strong and apparently democratic opposition movement subsequently turned towards an extreme form of nationalism and had by the end of the 1980s accepted Milosevic's undemocratic policies. Based on the author's extensive primary source research and interviews with key protagonists, Saviours of the Nation examines both the causes and the consequences of the opposition's transformation into a nationalist force. High-lighting the role of historical context, it argues that three main factors contributed to the intellectuals' elaboration of a radical nationalist ideology: abandonment of cultural "Yugoslavism" in conjunction with the post-Tito crisis of the state, difficulties in solving the thorny "Kosovo question, " and relationships between the dissidents and their Slovenian counterparts. Annotation An examination of the trajectory of Serbia's dissidence, from its origins in the 1950s to its consolidation in the early 1980s around the defence of civil and human rights. Yugoslavia's breakup in 1991 and the wars that followed in its wake have been widely blamed on Serbian nationalism. Most analyses, however, have not examined this nationalism in the years before Slobodan Milosevic's rise to power, when its principal articulators were opposition intellectuals. Jasna Dragovic-Soso asks why this strong and apparently democratic opposition movement subsequently turned towards an extreme form of nationalism and had by the end of the 1980s accepted Milosevic's undemocratic policies. Based on the author's extensive primary source research and interviews with key protagonists, Saviours of the Nation examines both the causes and the consequences of the opposition's transformation into a nationalist force. High-lighting the role of historical context, it argues that three main factors contributed to theintellectuals' elaboration of a radical nationalist ideology: abandonment of cultural "Yugoslavism" in conjunction with the post-Tito crisis of the state, difficulties in solving the thorny "Kosovo question, " and relationships between the dissidents and their Slovenian counterparts Jasna Dragovi -Soso asks why this strong and apparently democratic opposition movement subsequently turned towards an extreme form of nationalism and had by the end of the 1980s accepted Miloševi's undemocratic policies. Based on the author's extensive primary source research and interviews with key protagonists, Saviours of the Nation examines both the causes and the consequences of the opposition's transformation into a nationalist force. Highlighting the role of historical context, it argues that three main factors contributed to the intellectuals'elaboration of a radical nationalist ideology: abandonment of cultural'Yugoslavism'in conjunction with the post-Tito crisis of the state, difficulties in solving the thorny'Kosovo question,'and relationships between the dissidents and their Slovenian counterparts. Soso also includes a thorough analysis of the'Memorandum'of the Serbian Academy and the intellectuals'relations with Miloševi. She argues that the intellectual opposition's search for Serbian statehood at any price undermined its ability to present a convincing political alternative, allowing the regime to overcome its crisis of legitimacy and continue its reckless and belligerent policies. Jasna Dragovi -Soso asks why this strong and apparently democratic opposition movement subsequently turned towards an extreme form of nationalism and had by the end of the 1980s accepted Miloevi 's undemocratic policies. Based on the author's extensive primary source research and interviews with key protagonists, Saviours of the Nation examines both the causes and the consequences of the opposition's transformation into a nationalist force. Highlighting the role of historical context, it argues that three main factors contributed to the intellectuals' elaboration of a radical nationalist abandonment of cultural "Yugoslavism" in conjunction with the post-Tito crisis of the state, difficulties in solving the thorny "Kosovo question," and relationships between the dissidents and their Slovenian counterparts. Soso also includes a thorough analysis of the "Memorandum" of the Serbian Academy and the intellectuals' relations with Miloevi . She argues that the intellectual opposition's search for Serbian statehood at any price undermined its ability to present a convincing political alternative, allowing the regime to overcome its crisis of legitimacy and continue its reckless and belligerent policies. Dedication 3 Title Page 4 Copyright 5 Acknowledgements 6 Contents 8 Introduction 10 1. The Forging of Serbia’s Intellectual Opposition 22 2. The ‘Outburst of History’ and the New Serbian Nationalism 73 3. The Watershed: Intellectuals and Kosovo, 1985-8 124 4. Serbs and Slovenes: ‘National Interests’ in Conflict, 1980-8 171 5. The Victory of ‘National Homogenisation’, 1988-91 215 Conclusion 263 Bibliography 270 Index 296