Satellite Monitoring of Water Resources in the Middle East (Springer Water)

This book presents both updated and new measurements on water resources from selective pilot areas form the Middle East. Demand for water has become very crucial notably in arid and semiarid regions like in the Middle East. The changing climate and the increased population are the most striking challenges on water resources in this region where the largest part of its territory is dry lands and deserts with minimal precipitation and high evaporation rates, and thus, the average per capita of water does not exceed 25 m3/year. This resulted in developing many studies and researches in different Middle East countries to clearly identify and assess the hydrological characteristics of the available water resources and to explore new resources in order to secure balanced water supply/demand. As a first of its type, this book introduces comprehensive knowledge on the successful reports of the use of satellite images in water studies in the Middle East, and the economic value resulted from adopting these techniques. Based on illustrated case-studies the book will represent a significant resource for a large number of experts, academics, researchers, engineers and different-level stakeholders including the decision makers. Foreword Preface Contents Fundamentals of Satellite Remote Sensing 1 General Overview 2 Characteristics of Satellite Images 3 Processing of Satellite Images 4 Geo-Information System References Water Resources in the Middle East 1 General Overview 2 Water Availability/Supply and Demand 3 Challenges on Water Resources 3.1 Increased Population 3.2 Climate change 3.3 Transboundary Water Resources References The Suitability of Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS Technologies for Mapping, Monitoring and Managing Water Resources in the Middle East 1 Introduction: Water Resources in the Middle East 1.1 Tigris and Euphrates 1.2 Jordan River 2 Water Resources Issues and Challenges in the Middle East 2.1 Tigris and Euphrates 2.2 Jordan River 3 Satellite Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) Technologies, the Fundamentals 3.1 Remote Sensing (RS) Technology 3.2 Satellite Remote Sensing (RS) Technology Applications in Water Resources 3.3 Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Technology 3.4 GIS Technology Applications in Water Resources 4 The Suitability of Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS Technologies for Mapping, Monitoring and Managing Water Resources in the Middle East 4.1 An Evaluation of the Suitability of Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS in the Middle East 4.2 Potential Application of Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS in the Middle East 5 Discussion References Atmospheric Rivers and Precipitation in the Middle East 1 Introduction 1.1 Precipitation in the Middle East and North Africa 1.2 Extreme Precipitation and Atmospheric Rivers 1.3 Uncertainty in Estimates of Future Climates 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 MENA Domain 2.2 Observed Precipitation, Winds, and Mean Sea Level Pressure 2.3 Integrated Water Vapor Transport (IVT) 2.4 AR Detection Algorithm 2.5 Climate Model Simulations of ARs and Precipitation 3 Results 3.1 Individual AR Events in MENA 3.2 Climatology of ARs and Precipitation in the MENA Region 3.3 Model Simulations of Historic and Future Climate 3.4 Future Change in AR Frequency and Precipitation in MENA 3.5 Significance of Expected Changes Based on Latitude 4 Summary and Discussion References Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia: Selected Aquifer Systems in the Arabian Peninsula for the Application of Remote Sensing Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Methodology and Information Sources 3 Shared Aquifer Systems Identification Process 4 Overview of the Aquifer Systems 5 Selected Aquifer Systems for the Applications of RS Techniques 6 Conclusions Bibliography GIS-Based Multi-criteria Approach to Assess Water Resources Vulnerability in a Changing Climate over the Arab Domain 1 Introduction 2 Vulnerability Assessment Methodology 2.1 Determine Objectives and Scope 2.2 Impact Chain Development 2.3 Indicator Selection 2.4 Indicator Normalization and Classification 2.5 Indicator Weighting 2.6 Indicator Aggregation 2.7 Presentation of Results 3 Results from RICCAR 4 Concluding Remarks References Unraveling the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Satellite-Inferred Water Resources in the Arabian Peninsula 1 Introduction 2 Inter-comparison of Precipitation Products and their Interactions with Water Budget Components over the AP 3 Climatological Time Series Analysis and Statistical Change Point Detection 3.1 Study Area and Datasets 3.2 Time Series and Change Point Analyses 4 Soil Moisture–Precipitation Interactions and Reverse Hydrology 4.1 Feedforward ANN-MLP Architecture: UAE Case Study 5 Conclusion References A Technical Note on Least Squares Mascon Fitting to GRACE Satellite Data to Estimate Total Water Storage Changes in the Middle East 1 Introduction 2 GRACE Data 2.1 Low Degree Stokes Coefficients (n = 0, 1, 2) 2.2 Ocean's Gravity Contributions on Lakes and Water Reservoirs 3 Least Squares Mascon Fitting (LSMF) Solution 4 Results 4.1 Time Series Estimates in the Middle East 4.2 Time Series Estimates in Iran's Water Main Basins 4.3 Time Series Estimates of TWS from GRACE and GRACE FO in Iran's Main Water Basins 5 Summary and Conclusions References Spatial–Temporal Change of a Dam Lake Using Remote Sensing and Meteorological Drought Indices 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Meteorological Data and Pre-processing 2.3 Remote Sensing Data and Pre-processing 2.4 Data Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Meteorological Drought Analysis 3.2 Determination of Lake Area Using Remote Sensing and Its Correlation with Drought 4 Conclusions References Forecasting Domestic Water Demand Using Meteorological and Satellite Data: Case Study of Greater Beirut Area 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Materials 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Water Demand Data 2.3 Weather Data Acquired by Ground Stations 2.4 Land-Surface Temperature Acquired Using Satellite Data 2.5 Model Structure and Performance 2.6 Climate Change Projections 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Water Demand Models 3.2 Forecasted Water Demand 3.3 Impacts on Total Demand 4 Conclusions and Recommendations References MODIS Satellite Images and TRMM Products to Compare Rainfall and Streamflow Along the Coastal Rivers of Lebanon 1 Introduction 2 Tools and Methods 2.1 TRMM 2.2 MODIS-Terra Images 2.3 Rainfall Peaks Versus Plume Area 3 Results 3.1 Rainfall from Gauges (Rg) and TRMM Data (RTR) 3.2 Plumes Area (PA) and Rivers Discharge (Qm) 3.3 Lag Time (τ) and Residence Time (Tr) 4 Conclusion References Water Balance and Demand for Different Environmental Changes and Management Scenarios in the Hasbani Basin Using a WEAP Model and Geospatial Data 1 Introduction 2 Study Area Description 2.1 General Settings 2.2 Climate 2.3 Land Cover/Use 2.4 Geology and Hydrogeology 2.5 Water Resources 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Model Setup 3.3 Model Parameters 3.4 Soil Moisture Method 3.5 Optimization 3.6 Scenarios 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Model Efficiency 4.2 Annual Water Balance 4.3 Water Demand 5 Conclusions References Agricultural Water Management in the Nile Delta Using Remote Sensing Techniques 1 Introduction 1.1 Irrigation Water Performance Assessment (IWPA) 1.2 Remote Sensing Techniques in the IWPA 1.3 IWPA in the Nile Delta 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Data Description 2.3 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Land Surface Temperature and Reference Evapotranspiration 3.2 SSEBop Algorithm 3.3 Assessment of the Irrigation Water Performance 4 Conclusions and Recommendations References Studying the Water Resources and Hydrological Characteristics of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Palestine Using GIS and Remote Sensing Data 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Water Resources of the West Bank and Gaza Strip 4 Hydrological Characteristics of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip Watersheds 4.1 Material and Methodology 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Linear Morphometric Parameters 5.2 Areal Morphometric Parameters 5.3 Relief Morphometric Parameters 6 Conclusion References Landsat Satellite Images for Lineaments Detection: A Tool to Identify Groundwater Productivity in Lebanon 1 Introduction 2 Lineaments 3 Groundwater and Fracture Systems 4 Tools of Analysis 4.1 Water Wells Productivity 4.2 Extraction of Lineaments from Satellite Images 4.3 Dimensional Analysis of Lineaments 4.4 Lineaments and Groundwater 5 Results and Conclusion References Using Information from Remote Sensing to Estimate Groundwater: GRACE and Sentinel-1 Satellites 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Measuring Groundwater 1.3 Loss of Freshwater Storage 1.4 Using Satellites to Estimate Groundwater 2 Freshwater Data for Beqaa Plain, Lebanon 2.1 GRACE Data 2.2 GLDAS data 2.3 Qaraaoun Reservoir Data 3 Calculating Groundwater Storage in the Beqaa Plain, Lebanon 4 Sentinel-1 InSAR and In-Situ Wells Data 4.1 Sentinel-1 InSAR Signals of Land Subsidence 4.2 Monitoring Wells 5 Summary and Discussion References Volcanic Terrains Reveal Bright Hydrogeological Prospects in Saudi Arabia: A GIS & RSA Linked Research on Harrat Rahat 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 General Setup of Volcanic Terrains in Saudi Arabia 3.1 Setup of Harrat Rahat 4 Characteristics of Volcanic Rocks 4.1 Number of Eruptive Events 4.2 Volcanic Eruption and Basaltic Lava-Flow Trends 4.3 Coalesced Behaviour of Lava-Flows 4.4 Thickness of Volcanic Terrain 4.5 Surface Nature of Basaltic Lava-Flow Terrains 4.6 Volcanic Rocks and Associated Structures 5 Enhanced Satellite Image Models of Harrat Rahat 5.1 Enhanced Image and Rahat Volcanic System 5.2 Thermal Band Enhanced Image Model 6 GIS-Linked Hydrogeo-Model 7 Discussion 8 Conclusion References Regional Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones in the Saudi Arabia Using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Algorithms 1 Introduction 1.1 Geography and Hydrology of Saudi Arabia 1.2 Arabian Shield 1.3 The Continental Shelf 1.4 The Lower Cretaceous Aquifer 1.5 Wasia-Biyadh Aquifer 1.6 Upper Wasia/Lower Aruma Aquitard 1.7 Aruma Aquifer 1.8 Umm Er Radhuma Aquifer 1.9 The Dammam Aquifer 1.10 Neogene Aquifer 1.11 Rus Aquitard 1.12 Dammam Aquifer 2 Hydrological Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Saudi Arabia 3 Saudi Arabia’s Hydrology from Radar Remote Sensing 4 Saudi Arabia’s Hydrology Monitoring Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) 5 Machine Learning Applications in Hydrological 6 Conclusion References A DRASTIC-Based Fuzzy C-means Clustering Technique for Evaluating Groundwater Vulnerability Under Uncertainty 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 DRASTIC Method 2.2 Fuzzy C-means (FCM) Clustering 2.3 Sensitivity Analysis 3 Case Study: Damanah-Daran Aquifer 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Prospect of Retrieving Non-optical Water Quality Properties with Remote Sensing Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Remote Sensing and Water Quality 3 Applications-Coastal Lakes in the Nile Delta 3.1 Sustainability: Development Processes and Climate Change Impact 4 Case Study1: Edku Coastal Lake-North of Egypt 5 Case Study2: Salinity Distribution in Burullus Coastal Lake-North of Egypt 5.1 Lake Burullus Main Features 5.2 Satellite Imageries 5.3 Results 6 Conclusions References A Combined Remote Sensing and Modelling Approach to Simulate the Impact of Climate Change on the River Discharge in a Lebanese Snow-Covered Basin 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Site 2.2 MODIS Snow Product 2.3 Cloud Correction 2.4 Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) 2.5 Input Variables and Parameters 2.6 Model Evaluation Criteria 2.7 Climate Change Scenarios 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 MODIS Images Cloud Correction 3.2 SRM Snowmelt Runoff Simulations 3.3 Impact of Different Climate Change Scenarios on River Flow 4 Conclusion References Remote Sensing of Water Quality for Human Activity Use of Shat Al-Hilla” 1 Introduction 2 Tools and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Remotely Sensed Estimated Parameters 2.3 Water Quality Index Calculation 2.4 Analytical Method 3 Results 3.1 Water Quality Index (WQI) 3.2 Water Parameters Algorithm Development 3.3 Algorithm Validation 3.4 Spatial Variation of Water Parameters 4 Conclusion References Correction to: Atmospheric Rivers and Precipitation in the Middle East Correction to: Chapter “Atmospheric Rivers and Precipitation in the Middle East” in: A. Shaban (ed.), Satellite Monitoring of Water Resources in the Middle East, Springer Water, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15549-9_4 Index