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Skip the complexity and learn to program FPGAs the easy way through this hands-on, beginner-friendly introduction to digital circuit design with Verilog and VHDL. Whether you have been toying with field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for years or are completely new to these reprogrammable devices, this book will teach you to think like an FPGA engineer and develop reliable designs with confidence. Through detailed code examples, patient explanations, and hands-on projects, Getting Started with FPGAs will actually get you started. Russell Merrick, creator of the popular blog Nandland.com, will guide you through the basics of digital logic, look-up tables, and flip-flops, as well as high-level concepts like state machines. You’ll explore the fundamentals of the FPGA build process including simulation, synthesis, and place and route.You’ll learn about key FPGA primitives, such as DSP blocks and PLLs, and examine how FPGAs handle math operations and I/O. Code examples are provided in both Verilog and VHDL, making the book a valuable resource no matter your language of choice. You’ll discover how to: Implement common design building blocks like multiplexers, LFSRs, and FIFOs Cross between clock domains without triggering metastable conditions or timing errors Avoid common pitfalls when performing math Transmit and receive data at lightning speeds using SerDes Write testbench code to verify your designs are working With this accessible, hands-on guide, you’ll be creating your own functional FPGA projects in no time. Getting started with FPGAs has never been easier. Title Page Copyright Dedication About the Author and Technical Reviewer Acknowledgments Introduction Who Is This Book For? What This Book Isn’t What’s in the Book? What You’ll Need Online Resources 1. Meet the FPGA A Brief History of FPGAs Popular FPGA Applications Comparing Common Digital Logic Components FPGAs vs. Microcontrollers FPGAs vs. ASICs FPGAs vs. Microcontrollers vs. ASICs Verilog and VHDL Summary 2. Setting Up Your Hardware and Tools Choosing an FPGA Development Board Requirements for the Book Setting Up Your Development Environment iCEcube2 Diamond Programmer Project #1: Wiring Switches to LEDs Writing the Code Creating a New iCEcube2 Project Adding Pin Constraints Running the Build Connecting Your Development Board Programming the FPGA Summary 3. Boolean Algebra and the Look-Up Table Logic Gates and Their Truth Tables AND Gates OR Gates NOT Gates XOR Gates NAND Gates Other Gates Combining Gates with Boolean Algebra The Look-Up Table Project #2: Lighting an LED with Logic Gates Writing the Code Building and Programming the FPGA Summary 4. Storing State with the Flip-Flop How a Flip-Flop Works The Clock Signal A Flip-Flop in Action A Chain of Flip-Flops Project #3: Blinking an LED Writing the Code Adding Constraints Building and Programming the FPGA Combinational Logic vs. Sequential Logic The Dangers of Latches Resetting a Flip-Flop Look-Up Tables and Flip-Flops on a Real FPGA Summary 5. Testing Your Code with Simulation Why Simulation Matters FPGA Simulation Tools The Testbench Writing a Testbench Running a Testbench and Viewing Waveforms Project #4: Debouncing a Switch Measuring Time on an FPGA Writing the Code Creating the Testbench and Simulation Building and Programming the FPGA Self-Checking Testbenches Initial Signal Conditions On-FPGA Debugging Verification Summary 6. Common Fpga Modules Multiplexers and Demultiplexers Implementing a Multiplexer Implementing a Demultiplexer The Shift Register Delaying Data Converting Between Serial and Parallel Data Creating a Linear Feedback Shift Register Project #5: Selectively Blinking an LED Writing the Code Trying Another Way Comparing the Two Approaches Random Access Memory A RAM Implementation RAM on an FPGA FIFO: First In, First Out Input and Output Signals A FIFO Implementation Summary 7. Synthesis, Place and Route, and Crossing Clock Domains Synthesis Notes, Warnings, and Errors Non-synthesizable Code Place and Route Constraints Timing Errors Crossing Clock Domains Crossing from Slower to Faster Crossing from Faster to Slower Using a FIFO Addressing Timing Errors Summary 8. The State Machine States, Transitions, and Events Implementing a State Machine Using Two always or process Blocks Using One always or process Block Testing the Design State Machine Best Practices Project #6: Creating a Memory Game Planning the State Machine Organizing the Design Using the Seven-Segment Display Coding the Top-Level Module Coding the State Machine Testing the Memory Game Adding the Pin Constraints Building and Programming the FPGA Summary 9. Useful FPGA Primitives How to Create Primitives Instantiation The GUI Approach The Block RAM Features and Limitations Creation The Digital Signal Processing Block Analog vs. Digital Signals Common DSP Tasks Features Creation The Phase-Locked Loop How It Works Creation Summary 10. Numbers and Math Numerical Data Types Representing Signed vs. Unsigned Values Taking the Two’s Complement Sizing Signals Appropriately Converting Between Types in VHDL Performing Mathematical Operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Multiplication by Powers of 2 Division How FPGAs Implement Math Operations Working with Decimals Adding and Subtracting with Fixed Point Multiplying with Fixed Point Summary 11. Getting Data in and Out with I/O and Serdes Working with GPIO Pins I/O Buffers Electrical Characteristics Faster Data Transmission with Double Data Rate SerDes Parallel vs. Serial Communication Self-Clocking Signals How SerDes Works Summary A. FPGA Development Boards The Nandland Go Board The Lattice iCEstick The Alchitry Cu Switching Between Boards B. Tips for a Career in FPGA Engineering The Resume The Interview The Job Offer and Negotiation Summary Glossary Index