سانسکریت: چشم‌انداز هندواروپایی

An earlier version of the book "Sanskrit as an Indo-European Language", published in September 2023 Date: January 27, 2020 Introduction Historical highlights Language trees Sound laws Analogy and levelling Back-formation Conventions Overview Abbreviations Genders Languages Sounds Sound laws Grammatical terms Sound laws Indo-European phonemes Vowels Consonants Halfvowels and syllabic nasals and liquids Laryngeals Vowel sound laws, laryngeal sound laws, and vowel gradation Old Indian a and ā Half vowels Diphthongs Vowel gradation (ablaut) Sanskrit representation of ie. syllabic nasals and liquids, without laryngeals Resolution of syllabic conflicts Laryngeal sound laws More vowel sandhi rules Lengthening of Indo-European o in open syllables (according to Brugmann) Consonants Old Indian consonants Primary and secondary palatalization Aspiration laws (due to Bartholomae, due to Grassmann) Assimilations Consonant clusters and word-final consonants Minor sound laws Compensatory lengthenings Compensatory lengthening for suppression of z Word-final compensatory lengthening Compensatory lengthening s Visarga rules Laryngeal sound laws Old Indian h Middle and New Indian Introductory remark Vowels and diphthongs Consonants A few New Indian developments Sound laws of other ie. languages Vowels and diphthongs Syllabic Indo-European nasals and liquids Ablaut in English and German Consonants: From Indo-European to Greek, Latin, and Germanic Consonants: From Germanic and English to New High German Consonants: From Indo-European to Germanic and English Sequence of sound laws Grammar: verbal system Roots Ten verbal classes, overview Thematic versus athematic classes The four thematic classes The second class The third class The nasal infix classes The fifth class The seventh class The eighth class The ninth class Infinitive and other normal-grade forms General rule Oi. roots ending in a nasal Aspiration and cerebralization Laryngeals Agent nouns, instrument nouns, and action nouns Comparative and superlative Future with sy-suffix Causatives Gerunds in am Past participle and other zero-grade forms Root nouns General rule for PPP Oi. roots ending in a nasal Aspiration and cerebralization Laryngeals Nouns and adjectives Passive voice Desideratives Compound-final ``zero grades'' Lengthened-grade forms and forms using several grades Agent nouns, instrument nouns, and action nouns Derivatives Frequentatives Gerundives Thematic and athematic verbs Thematic verbs Athematic verbs The second class The third class The fifth class The seventh class The eighth class The ninth class Reduplicative perfect General remarks Strong forms Weak forms Conjugation Aorist General remarks Thematic aorist Reduplicated aorist Root aorist Sigmatic aorist with sa Sigmatic aorist with iṣ Sigmatic aorist with siṣ Sigmatic aorist with s Grammar: nouns and adverbs Nouns: categories Distribution of weak and strong forms Characteristics of thematic and athematic nouns Athematic nouns Thematic nouns In-between nouns Nouns: endings A few general remarks Locative singular Locative pl. with su Genitive plural Accusatives with m Nouns: weak and strong forms Introductory remark and overview One stem, only Stems on mant, vant, ant, ans an- and in- stems like rāj-an and yôg-in Agent and kinship nouns like nê-tar and pitar Stems in long diphthongs Feminine ī- and ū- stems i- and u-stems Adverbs from fossilized case endings Accusative Instrumental Ablative Locative tas-suffix śas-suffix vat-suffix dhā-suffix Miscellanea Derivatives Ātmanêpada present-tense participles Etymological dictionary Introductory remarks Vowels a ā i ī u ū ṛ ê, âi ô, âu Velar stops k kh g gh Palatal stops c ch j Dental stops and nasal t d dh n Labial stops and nasal p ph b bh m Half vowels y r l v Sibilants ś ṣ s Aspirant h Index Bibliography