Salem Health: Psychology and Mental Health

This comprehensive five-volume set covers notable theories, people, social issues, life stages, the physiology and anatomy of the nervous system, and various mental illnesses or conditions, all in a simple, easy to use A-Z format. The printed reference includes: five volumes, including 2,560 pages; 593 Essays and 143 sidebars and charts; 169 photos & Illustrations; and, appendixes, indexes and resource listings. Features of the online subscription include: fully supported; complimentary online access; unlimited users at your library; full access from home or dorm room; immediate access via online registration; a simple, intuitive interface; user profile areas for students and patrons; sophisticated search functions; complete content, including appendixes; and, fully illustrated. Scope and coverage: The publication of this five-volume set represents a substantial revision and update of "Magill's Encyclopedia of Social Science: Psychology". The new encyclopedia covers not only the history of the field and the core aspects of behaviorism, cognitive psychology, and psychoanalytic psychology but also diagnoses, disorders, treatments, tests, notable people, and issues, including many popular concepts. Many of the newly added essays address how culture, ethnicity, and gender affect psychological theory and beliefs. They cover topics such as multicultural psychology and the effect of culture on diagnosis and look at groups as divergent as Latinos, Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, and the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender communities. Some examine gender differences, in particular gender roles and conflicts. Other essays examine important and developing issues in psychology, such as multiple intelligences, emotional intelligence, pharmaceuticals used in treatment, genetics, and the effects of hope, spirituality, and social support. Organization and format: The essays in this set range from one to eight pages in length. Every entry begins with standard information, including any relevant dates, the type of psychology and the field(s) of study. Biographical entries also include an 'Identity' line indicating nationality and specialty. The text of each article offers a clear and concise discussion of the topic. An entry on a mental illness addresses its cause, diagnosis, treatment, and impact. An entry on a theory or school examines its origin, history, and current status. "Salem Health" creates complimentary online access to all the content of "Salem Health: Psychology & Mental Health". The database is free with the purchase of the printed reference. Virtually all of the content of the printed version is online, including illustrations and sidebars, indexes, appendixes, and other back matter. A powerful and complete online database: "Salem Health" offers libraries a user-friendly interface that provides all the content of our printed resources. "Salem Health: Psychology & Mental Health" (along with "Magill's Medical Guide" and "Salem Health: Cancer") are all available online as a complimentary resource, when the print reference is purchased. Publisher’s Note......Page 8 Introduction......Page 10 Contributors......Page 14 Volume 1......Page 22 Volume 2......Page 23 Volume 3......Page 26 Volume 4......Page 28 Volume 5......Page 29 VOLUME I: Ability tests – Community psychology ......Page 4 Ability tests......Page 34 Abnormality, biomedical models......Page 39 Abnormality, legal models......Page 44 Abnormality, psychological models......Page 48 Achievement motivation......Page 54 Addictive personality and behaviors......Page 58 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Dependence and Abuse......Page 60 Adler, Alfred......Page 62 Adlerian psychotherapy......Page 63 Adolescence, cognitive skills......Page 68 Neural Basis of Adolescent Cognition......Page 70 Anxiety disorders......Page 199 Adolescence, cross-cultural patterns......Page 73 The School Context in Adolescent Development......Page 75 Adolescence, sexuality......Page 77 Physical Changes During Puberty and Adolescence......Page 78 Adrenal gland......Page 82 Advertising......Page 85 Affiliation and friendship......Page 89 Affiliation motive......Page 94 African Americans and mental health......Page 99 African Americans and Mental Health Statistics......Page 101 Ageism......Page 102 Aggression......Page 107 Aggression, reduction and control......Page 110 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Intermittment Explosive Disorder (DSM code 312.34)......Page 112 Aging, cognitive changes......Page 114 Aging and the Brain......Page 116 Aging, physical changes......Page 120 Aging and the Body......Page 121 Aging, theories......Page 124 Agoraphobia and panic disorders......Page 129 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Agoraphobia and Panic Disorders......Page 130 Air rage......Page 133 Albee, George W.......Page 135 Alcohol dependence and abuse......Page 136 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Alcohol Intoxication and Withdrawal......Page 137 Alcohol’s Immediate Effects......Page 138 Allport, Gordon......Page 140 Altruism, cooperation, and empathy......Page 142 Alzheimer’s disease......Page 147 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type......Page 150 American Psychiatric Association......Page 153 American Psychological Association......Page 156 Divisions of the American Psychological Association......Page 157 Amnesia and fugue......Page 159 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Amnesia and Fugue......Page 161 Analytic psychology, Jacques Lacan......Page 163 Analytical psychology, Carl Jung......Page 167 Analytical psychotherapy......Page 171 Anger......Page 175 Animal experimentation......Page 178 Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa......Page 183 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa......Page 185 Antianxiety medications......Page 189 Antidepressant medications......Page 191 Antipsychotic medications......Page 193 Antisocial personality disorder......Page 194 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder (DSM code 301.7)......Page 196 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (DSM code 300.02)......Page 200 Aphasias......Page 204 Primary Progressive Aphasia......Page 205 Archetypes and the collective unconscious......Page 209 Archival data......Page 213 Artificial intelligence......Page 217 Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders and mental health......Page 221 Asperger syndrome......Page 224 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Asperger Syndrome (DSM code 299.80)......Page 226 Assessment......Page 228 Assisted living......Page 231 Facts About Assisted Living......Page 232 Attachment and bonding in infancy and childhood......Page 234 Attention......Page 238 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder......Page 242 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)......Page 246 Attitude-behavior consistency......Page 247 Attitude formation and change......Page 251 Attraction theories......Page 255 Attributional biases......Page 260 Autism......Page 263 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Autism......Page 264 Automaticity......Page 267 Aversion therapy......Page 271 Avoidant personality disorder......Page 272 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Avoidant Personality Disorder (DSM code 301.82)......Page 273 Bandura, Albert......Page 275 Battered woman syndrome......Page 276 Battered Woman Syndrome: Four Psychological Stages......Page 278 Beck, Aaron T.......Page 279 Question Categories for the Beck Depression Inventory)......Page 280 Bed-wetting......Page 281 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Bed-Wetting......Page 283 Behavior therapy......Page 285 Behavioral assessment......Page 290 Behavioral economics......Page 294 Behavioral family therapy......Page 298 Behaviorism......Page 302 Bilingualism......Page 306 Bilingualism and learning disabilities......Page 309 Binet, Alfred......Page 311 Biofeedback and relaxation......Page 312 Bipolar disorder......Page 316 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Bipolar I Disorder......Page 317 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Bipolar II Disorder (DSM code 296.89)......Page 318 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder (DSM code 301.13)......Page 319 Biracial heritage and mental health......Page 321 Birth, effects on physical development......Page 323 Birth order and personality......Page 328 Blau, Theodore H.......Page 331 Bobo doll experiment......Page 332 Body dysmorphic disorder......Page 334 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (DSM code 300.7)......Page 335 Borderline personality disorder......Page 337 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder (DSM code 301.83)......Page 338 Brain damage......Page 339 Brain structure......Page 345 The Anatomy of the Brain......Page 347 Breuer, Josef......Page 351 Brief therapy......Page 353 Bronfenbrenner, Urie......Page 355 Bruner, Jerome......Page 356 Bullying......Page 357 Procedures to Stop Bullying......Page 358 Bystander intervention......Page 359 Caffeine and mental health......Page 364 California Psychological Inventory (CPI)......Page 366 Cancer and mental health......Page 368 Cannon, Walter Bradford......Page 371 Career and personnel testing......Page 372 Career Occupational Preference System (COPS)......Page 377 Career selection, development, and change......Page 379 Case study methodologies......Page 384 Causal attribution......Page 387 Child abuse......Page 391 Childhood disorders......Page 396 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood......Page 398 Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI)......Page 402 Children’s mental health......Page 404 Suggestions and Assistance for Children’s Mental Health......Page 405 Circadian rhythms......Page 409 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder (DSM code 307.45 before 10.01.2005)......Page 412 Clinical interviewing, testing, and observation......Page 414 Coaching......Page 418 Codependency......Page 421 Characteristics of Codependent People......Page 422 Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT)......Page 424 Cognitive ability, gender differences......Page 425 Cognitive behavior therapy......Page 429 Cognitive development, Jean Piaget......Page 434 Cognitive dissonance......Page 438 Cognitive maps......Page 442 Cognitive psychology......Page 447 Cognitive social learning, Walter Mischel......Page 453 Cognitive therapy......Page 456 Collectivism......Page 460 Attributes of Collectivist Societies......Page 462 College entrance examinations......Page 464 Community psychology......Page 467 VOLUME II: Comorbidity – Health psychology ......Page 500 Comorbidity......Page 514 Complex experimental designs......Page 517 Computer and Internet use and mental health......Page 521 Computer models of cognition......Page 523 Concept formation......Page 526 Conditioning......Page 530 Conduct disorder......Page 536 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Oppositional Defiant Disorder (DSM code 313.81)......Page 537 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Conduct Disorder......Page 538 Confidentiality......Page 540 Consciousness......Page 542 Consciousness, altered states......Page 546 Various Causes of Altered States......Page 547 Constructivist psychology......Page 552 Consumer psychology......Page 554 Cooperation, competition, and negotiation......Page 558 Cooperative learning......Page 562 Coping, chronic illness......Page 565 Coping, social support......Page 570 Coping, strategies......Page 575 Transactional Model Coping Categories......Page 576 Coping, terminal illness......Page 579 Couples therapy......Page 583 Creativity and intelligence......Page 589 Creativity, assessment......Page 592 Crisis intervention......Page 595 Albert R. Roberts’s Crisis Intervention Model......Page 596 Cross-cultural psychology......Page 598 Crowd behavior......Page 600 Cultural competence......Page 604 Culture and diagnosis......Page 606 Culture-bound syndromes......Page 607 Data description......Page 610 Figure 1. Simple Frequency Distribution......Page 612 Figure 2. Frequency Polygon of Height Scores......Page 613 Figure 4. Histogram of Height Scores......Page 614 Figure 5. Line Graph of Mean Number of Words Remembered Under the Influence of Alcohol as a Function of Gender......Page 615 Death and dying......Page 616 Deception and lying......Page 620 Decision making......Page 622 Deductive reasoning......Page 626 Defense mechanisms......Page 627 Common Defense Mechanisms......Page 628 Defense reactions......Page 630 Dementia......Page 634 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Vascular Dementia (DSM code 290.4x)......Page 635 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Dementia Due to Other General Medical Conditions (DSM code 294.1x)......Page 636 Denial......Page 638 Depression......Page 641 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Major Depression......Page 642 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Dysthymic Disorder (DSM code 300.4)......Page 643 Depression in Children......Page 645 Depth and motion perception......Page 647 Development......Page 651 Developmental disabilities......Page 655 Developmental methodologies......Page 660 Developmental psychology......Page 664 Dewey, John......Page 668 Diagnosis......Page 669 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)......Page 674 Dialectical behavioral therapy......Page 677 Disaster psychology......Page 679 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Acute Stress Disorder (DSM code 308.3)......Page 681 Dissociative disorders......Page 684 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Dissociative Disorders......Page 686 Dix, Dorothea......Page 688 Domestic violence......Page 689 Down syndrome......Page 694 Dreams......Page 698 Drives......Page 703 Drug therapies......Page 706 Dyslexia......Page 711 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Reading Disorder (DSM code 315.00)......Page 712 Eating disorders......Page 715 Ebbinghaus, Hermann......Page 720 Ecological psychology......Page 721 Educational psychology......Page 724 Ego defense mechanisms......Page 727 Ego psychology, Erik H. Erikson......Page 733 Ego, superego, and id......Page 739 Elder abuse......Page 741 Elders’ mental health......Page 744 Elimination disorders......Page 749 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Elimination Disorders......Page 750 Ellis, Albert......Page 751 Emotional expression......Page 752 Emotional intelligence......Page 756 Models for Assessing Emotional Intelligence......Page 757 Emotions......Page 758 Encoding......Page 762 Endocrine system......Page 765 Glands of the Endocrine System......Page 766 Endorphins......Page 770 Environmental factors and mental health......Page 774 Environmental Conditions That Affect Mental Health......Page 775 Environmental psychology......Page 777 Environmental toxicology and mental health......Page 782 Erikson, Erik H.......Page 785 Ethology......Page 786 Evolutionary psychology......Page 790 Exercise and mental health......Page 794 Existential psychology......Page 796 Experimental psychology......Page 800 Experimentation, ethics and participant rights......Page 803 Sex Research and Conflicts of Macroallocation......Page 805 Experimentation, independent, dependent, and control variables......Page 808 Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing......Page 812 Eyewitness testimony......Page 814 Eysenck, Hans......Page 818 Facial feedback......Page 820 Factitious disorders......Page 824 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Factitious Disorder......Page 825 Family life, adult issues......Page 827 Family life, children's issues......Page 831 Family systems theory......Page 834 Father-child relationship......Page 837 Fear......Page 841 Discussing Fear and Violence with Children......Page 843 Femininity......Page 845 Feminist psychotherapy......Page 847 Fetishes......Page 850 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Fetishism (DSM code 302.81)......Page 851 Field experimentation......Page 852 Field theory, Kurt Lewin......Page 856 Fight-or-flight response......Page 859 Forensic psychology......Page 862 Forgetting and forgetfulness......Page 866 Forgiveness......Page 870 Freud, Anna......Page 874 Freud, Sigmund......Page 875 Freudian psychology......Page 876 Fromm, Erich......Page 881 Gambling......Page 883 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Pathological Gambling (DSM code 312.31)......Page 884 Games and mental health......Page 885 Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender mental health......Page 888 Gender differences......Page 892 Gender identity disorder......Page 895 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Gender Identity Disorder......Page 896 Gender identity formation......Page 899 Gender roles and gender role conflicts......Page 902 General adaptation syndrome......Page 905 General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)......Page 909 Generalized anxiety disorder......Page 910 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (DSM code 300.02)......Page 911 Genetics and mental health......Page 913 Gesell, Arnold......Page 917 Gestalt therapy......Page 918 Giftedness......Page 922 Gilligan, Carol......Page 926 Gonads......Page 927 The Male Reproductive System......Page 929 The Female Reproductive System......Page 930 Grammar and speech......Page 931 Grieving......Page 936 Group decision making......Page 939 Group therapy......Page 943 Groups......Page 947 Guilt......Page 952 Habituation and sensitization......Page 956 Hall, G. Stanley......Page 960 Hallucinations......Page 961 Hate crimes, psychological causes and effects......Page 965 The Seven-Stage Hate Model......Page 966 Health insurance......Page 967 Health maintenance organizations......Page 969 Health psychology......Page 970 VOLUME III: Hearing – Parental alienation syndrome ......Page 1004 Hearing......Page 1020 Anatomy of the Inner Ear......Page 1022 Help-seeking......Page 1024 Helping......Page 1027 Helping, Sacrificial Care, and Spirituality......Page 1030 Hierarchy of needs......Page 1032 Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs......Page 1033 Histrionic personality disorder......Page 1035 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Histrionic Personality Disorder (DSM code 301.50)......Page 1036 Homelessness, psychological causes and effects......Page 1037 Homosexuality......Page 1041 Hope and mental health......Page 1045 Hormones and behavior......Page 1047 Horney, Karen......Page 1053 Hospice......Page 1054 Hospice Resources......Page 1055 Hull, Clark L.......Page 1056 Human resource training and development......Page 1057 Humanistic psychology......Page 1061 Humanistic trait models, Gordon Allport......Page 1065 Hunger......Page 1069 Hypnosis......Page 1074 Hypochondriasis, conversion, and somatization......Page 1079 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Conversion Disorder (DSM code 300.11)......Page 1080 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Hypochondriasis (DSM code 300.7)......Page 1081 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Somatization and Pain Disorders......Page 1082 Hypothesis development and testing......Page 1085 Hysteria......Page 1089 Identity crises......Page 1093 Implosion......Page 1097 Imprinting......Page 1099 Impulse control disorders......Page 1103 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Impulse Control Disorders......Page 1105 Incentive motivation......Page 1108 Incompetency......Page 1112 Individual psychology, Alfred Adler......Page 1115 Inductive reasoning......Page 1120 Industrial and organizational psychology......Page 1121 Inhibitory and excitatory impulses......Page 1126 Insanity defense......Page 1130 Insomnia......Page 1132 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Insomnia......Page 1133 Instinct theory......Page 1137 Intelligence......Page 1141 Intelligence quotient (IQ)......Page 1146 Intelligence tests......Page 1147 Interest inventories......Page 1152 International Classification of Diseases (ICD)......Page 1156 Internet psychology......Page 1158 Intervention......Page 1162 Intimacy......Page 1163 Introverts and extroverts......Page 1166 James, William......Page 1169 Jealousy......Page 1170 Jung, Carl......Page 1173 Jungian psychology......Page 1174 Juvenile delinquency......Page 1178 Rulings on the Constitutional Rights of Juveniles......Page 1180 Kelly, George A.......Page 1182 Kinesthetic memory......Page 1183 Kinsey, Alfred......Page 1186 Kleptomania......Page 1188 Kohlberg, Lawrence......Page 1189 Kraepelin, Emil......Page 1190 Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth......Page 1191 Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS)......Page 1193 Lacan, Jacques......Page 1195 Language......Page 1196 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Language Disorders......Page 1197 Latinos and mental health......Page 1204 Latinos and Mental Health......Page 1205 Law and psychology......Page 1207 Leadership......Page 1211 Learned helplessness......Page 1216 Learning......Page 1219 Learning disorders......Page 1225 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Learning Disorders......Page 1226 Lewin, Kurt......Page 1229 Linguistics......Page 1230 Little Albert study......Page 1236 Lobotomy......Page 1238 Logic and reasoning......Page 1240 Long-term memory......Page 1245 Lorenz, Konrad......Page 1249 Love......Page 1250 Evolution and Love......Page 1252 Masculinity......Page 1256 Maslow, Abraham......Page 1257 Masters, William H., and Virginia E. Johnson......Page 1258 May, Rollo......Page 1260 Media exposure and mental health......Page 1261 How Parents Can Help Children Use Media Positively......Page 1262 Media psychology......Page 1265 Meditation and relaxation......Page 1271 Memory......Page 1274 Memory, animal research......Page 1279 Memory, empirical studies......Page 1284 Memory, physiology......Page 1288 Memory, sensory......Page 1293 Memory storage......Page 1299 Men’s mental health......Page 1303 Mental health parity......Page 1308 Mental health practitioners......Page 1309 Mental illness, historical concepts......Page 1313 Changes and Biases in Contemporary Psychiatric Diagnosis......Page 1317 Mental retardation......Page 1319 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Mental Retardation......Page 1321 Midlife crisis......Page 1324 Milgram experiment......Page 1327 Miller, Neal E., and John Dollard......Page 1329 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)......Page 1330 Misbehavior......Page 1332 Mischel, Walter......Page 1337 Mood disorders......Page 1338 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Major Depressive Episode......Page 1339 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Mixed Episode......Page 1340 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Manic Episode......Page 1341 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Hypomanic Episode......Page 1342 Mood stabilizer medications......Page 1344 Moral development......Page 1346 Mother-child relationship......Page 1350 Motivation......Page 1353 Motivation......Page 1357 Motor development......Page 1359 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DSM code 315.4)......Page 1361 Multicultural psychology......Page 1363 Multiple intelligences......Page 1365 Multiple Intelligence Categories......Page 1366 Multiple personality......Page 1369 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DSM code 300.14)......Page 1370 Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy......Page 1372 Murray, Henry A.......Page 1375 Music, dance, and theater therapy......Page 1376 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)\......Page 1380 Narcissistic personality disorder......Page 1383 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Narcissistic Personality Disorder (DSM code 301.81)......Page 1384 Narcolepsy......Page 1385 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Narcolepsy (DSM code 347)......Page 1386 National Institute of Mental Health......Page 1389 Native Americans/Alaskan Natives and mental health......Page 1390 Nearsightedness and farsightedness......Page 1392 Nervous system......Page 1396 The Nervous System......Page 1397 Neurons......Page 1399 Neuropsychology......Page 1403 Neurotic disorders......Page 1406 Neurotransmitters......Page 1410 Nicotine dependence......Page 1412 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Nicotine Withdrawal (DSM code 292.0)......Page 1413 Nonverbal communication......Page 1414 Nutrition and mental health......Page 1419 Obesity......Page 1423 Observational learning and modeling therapy......Page 1428 Observational methods......Page 1433 Obsessive-compulsive disorder......Page 1436 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (DSM code 300.3)......Page 1438 Oedipus complex......Page 1441 Operant conditioning therapies......Page 1443 Optimal arousal theory......Page 1447 Organizational behavior and consulting......Page 1451 Pain......Page 1454 Pain management......Page 1457 Panic attacks......Page 1462 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Panic Attack......Page 1463 Paranoia......Page 1465 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Paranoia......Page 1466 Parental alienation syndrome......Page 1468 VOLUME IV: Parenting styles – Sleep ......Page 1498 Parenting styles......Page 1514 Men and Parenting......Page 1516 Parkinson’s disease......Page 1518 Passive aggression......Page 1521 Passive Aggression: Symptoms and Causes......Page 1522 Pattern recognition......Page 1523 Pattern vision......Page 1527 Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich......Page 1530 Pavlovian conditioning......Page 1531 Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT)......Page 1536 Penis envy......Page 1537 Person-centered therapy......Page 1540 Personal constructs, George A. Kelly......Page 1545 Personality disorders......Page 1548 DSM-IV-TR General Criteria for a Personality Disorder......Page 1551 Personality interviewing strategies......Page 1554 Personality, psychophysiological measures......Page 1557 Personality rating scales......Page 1562 Personality theory......Page 1565 Personology, Henry A. Murray......Page 1569 Pervasive developmental disorders......Page 1573 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Pervasive Developmental Disorders......Page 1575 Philosophy and psychology......Page 1578 Phobias......Page 1581 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Phobias......Page 1582 Physical development, environment versus genetics......Page 1586 Piaget, Jean......Page 1589 Pinel, Philippe......Page 1591 Pituitary gland......Page 1592 Placebo effect......Page 1596 Play therapy......Page 1597 Positive psychology......Page 1601 Postpartum depression......Page 1604 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Postpartum Depression......Page 1605 Post-traumatic stress disorder......Page 1606 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (DSM code 309.81)......Page 1607 Power......Page 1611 Prejudice......Page 1615 Prejudice reduction......Page 1620 Prenatal physical development......Page 1624 Prenatal Development......Page 1626 Problem-solving stages......Page 1630 Problem-solving strategies......Page 1633 The Solution to the Nine-Dot Problem......Page 1636 Profiling......Page 1637 Projection......Page 1640 Psychoanalysis......Page 1644 Psychoanalytic psychology......Page 1650 Psychoanalytic psychology and personality, Sigmund Freud......Page 1654 Psychobiology......Page 1658 Psychology, definition......Page 1663 Psychology, fields of specialization......Page 1667 Degree Fields of Psychology Ph.D.’s......Page 1669 Psychology, history......Page 1672 Psychopathology......Page 1680 Psychopharmacology......Page 1686 Psychosexual development......Page 1691 Stages of Psychosexual Development......Page 1692 Psychosomatic disorders......Page 1695 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for [Specified Psychological Factor] Affecting [General Medical Condition] (DSM code 316)......Page 1697 Psychosurgery......Page 1700 Psychotherapy, children......Page 1704 Psychotherapy, effectiveness......Page 1709 Psychotherapy, goals and techniques......Page 1714 Psychotherapy, historical approaches......Page 1717 Psychotic disorders......Page 1722 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Some Psychotic Disorders......Page 1724 Punishment......Page 1726 Qualitative research......Page 1730 Quality of life......Page 1733 The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Quality-of-Life Index (2005)......Page 1734 Quasi-experimental designs......Page 1735 Race and intelligence......Page 1741 Racism......Page 1746 Radical behaviorism, B. F. Skinner......Page 1750 Rape and sexual assault......Page 1754 Rape and Sexual Assault Facts and Statistics......Page 1756 Rational emotive therapy......Page 1758 Reactive attachment disorder......Page 1763 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Reactive Attachment Disorder......Page 1764 Reality therapy......Page 1766 Reflexes......Page 1769 Reflexes in newborns......Page 1773 Reinforcement......Page 1776 Religion and psychology......Page 1781 Spirituality and Religion......Page 1783 Religiosity, measurement......Page 1786 Repressed memories......Page 1791 Research ethics......Page 1793 Reticular formation......Page 1797 Retirement......Page 1800 Risk assessment......Page 1804 Road rage......Page 1806 Rogers, Carl R.......Page 1808 Rorschach, Hermann......Page 1809 Rorschach inkblots......Page 1810 Rosenhan experiment......Page 1812 Rule-governed behavior......Page 1813 S-R theory, Neal E. Miller and John Dollard......Page 1818 Sadism and masochism......Page 1822 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Sexual Masochism and Sexual Sadism......Page 1824 Sampling......Page 1825 Satir, Virginia......Page 1829 Schizoid personality disorder......Page 1830 Warning Signs for Schizophrenia......Page 1833 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Schizophrenia......Page 1834 Schizophrenia, high-risk children......Page 1838 Schizophrenia in Children......Page 1839 Schizophrenia, theoretical explanations......Page 1843 Schizotypal personality disorder......Page 1848 Scientific methods......Page 1851 Figure 4: Correlation between number of alcoholic drink and number of words remembered......Page 1855 Seasonal affective disorder......Page 1857 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Seasonal Affective Disorder......Page 1859 Self......Page 1862 Self-actualization......Page 1867 Self-disclosure......Page 1871 Self-efficacy......Page 1875 Self-esteem......Page 1878 Self-help groups......Page 1882 Self-perception theory......Page 1884 Self-Discrepancy Theory......Page 1886 Self-presentation......Page 1888 Seligman, Martin E. P.......Page 1893 Selye, Hans......Page 1894 Sensation and perception......Page 1895 Senses......Page 1899 Separation and divorce, adult issues......Page 1903 Separation and divorce, children's issues......Page 1906 Advice for Speaking to Children About Separation and Divorce......Page 1908 Separation anxiety......Page 1910 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Separation Anxiety......Page 1911 Sex hormones and motivation......Page 1913 Sexism......Page 1916 Sexual behavior patterns......Page 1920 Sexual dysfunction......Page 1924 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Sexual Dysfunctions......Page 1927 Sexual harassment, psychological causes and effects......Page 1930 2008 Statistics on Sexual Harassment in the Workplace......Page 1932 Sexual variants and paraphilias......Page 1933 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Paraphilias......Page 1935 Shock therapy......Page 1938 Short-term memory......Page 1942 Shyness......Page 1946 Sibling relationships......Page 1948 Signal detection theory......Page 1952 Skinner, B. F.......Page 1955 Skinner box......Page 1956 Sleep......Page 1959 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Dyssomnias......Page 1960 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Parasomnias......Page 1962 The Sleep Cycle......Page 1963 VOLUME V: Sleep apnea – Zimbardo, Philip ......Page 1994 Sleep apnea......Page 2010 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Sleep Apnea......Page 2011 Smell and taste......Page 2012 The Sense of Taste......Page 2013 The Sense of Smell......Page 2014 Social identity theory......Page 2017 Social learning, Albert Bandura......Page 2022 Social networks......Page 2026 Social perception......Page 2030 Social psychological models, Erich Fromm......Page 2034 Social psychological models, Karen Horney......Page 2038 Social schemata......Page 2041 Social support and mental health......Page 2045 Sociopaths......Page 2049 Speech disorders......Page 2052 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Speech Disorders......Page 2053 Speech perception......Page 2055 Spirituality and mental health......Page 2059 Split-brain studies......Page 2061 Sports psychology......Page 2066 Human-Animal Athletic Dynamics......Page 2069 Stanford-Binet test......Page 2071 Stanford prison experiment......Page 2073 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)......Page 2076 Statistical significance tests......Page 2077 Stepfamilies......Page 2081 Stimulant medications......Page 2084 Strategic family therapy......Page 2087 Stress, behavioral and psychological responses......Page 2091 Circumplex Model......Page 2092 Stress, phsyiological responses......Page 2097 Stress-related diseases......Page 2101 Stress, theories......Page 2105 Strong Interest Inventory (SII)......Page 2109 Structuralism and functionalism......Page 2111 Stuttering......Page 2116 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Stuttering (DSM code 307.0)......Page 2118 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration......Page 2121 Substance use disorders......Page 2122 Substance-Related Disorders in DSM-IV-TR......Page 2124 Suicide......Page 2127 Warning Signs for Suicide......Page 2130 Sullivan, Harry Stack......Page 2132 Support groups......Page 2133 Survey research, questionnaires and interviews......Page 2136 Synaptic transmission......Page 2140 Synesthesia......Page 2143 Systematic desensitization......Page 2146 Systems theories......Page 2150 Taste aversion......Page 2152 Teaching methods......Page 2156 Teenage suicide......Page 2161 Warning Signs for Teenage Suicide......Page 2162 Teenagers’ mental health......Page 2166 Temperature......Page 2170 Terrorism, psychological causes and effects......Page 2175 Testing, historical perspectives......Page 2178 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)......Page 2182 Thirst......Page 2184 Thorndike, Edward L.......Page 2186 Thought, inferential......Page 2187 Thought, study and measurement......Page 2191 Thyroid gland......Page 2195 The Thyroid Gland......Page 2196 Tic disorders......Page 2199 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for T