Sacred And Secular: Religion And Politics Worldwide (cambridge Studies In Social Theory, Religion And Politics)

This Book Develops A Theory Of Secularization And Existential Security, Demonstrating That The Publics Of Virtually All Advanced Industrial Societies Have Been Moving Toward More Secular Orientations During The Past Fifty Years, But Also That The World As A Whole Now Has More People With Traditional Religious Views Than Ever Before-- Seminal Nineteenth-century Thinkers Predicted That Religion Would Gradually Fade In Importance With The Emergence Of Industrial Society. The Belief That Religion Was Dying Became The Conventional Wisdom In The Social Sciences During Most Of The Twentieth Century. The Traditional Secularization Thesis Needs Updating, However, Religion Has Not Disappeared And Is Unlikely To Do So. Nevertheless, The Concept Of Secularization Captures An Important Part Of What Is Going On. This Book Develops A Theory Of Existential Security. It Demonstrates That The Publics Of Virtually All Advanced Industrial Societies Have Been Moving Toward More Secular Orientations During The Past Half Century, But Also That The World As A Whole Now Has More People With Traditional Religious Views Than Ever Before. This Second Edition Expands The Theory And Provides New And Updated Evidence From A Broad Perspective And In A Wide Range Of Countries. This Confirms That Religiosity Persists Most Strongly Among Vulnerable Populations, Especially In Poorer Nations And In Failed States. Conversely, A Systematic Erosion Of Religious Practices, Values, And Beliefs Has Occurred Among The More Prosperous Strata In Rich Nations-- Machine Generated Contents Note: Part I: Understanding Secularization: 1. The Secularization Debate; 2. Measuring Secularization; 3. Comparing Secularization Worldwide; Part Ii: Case Studies Of Religion And Politics: 4. The Puzzle Of Secularization In The United States And Western Europe; 5. A Religious Revival In Post-communist Europe?; 6. Religion And Politics In The Muslim World; Part Iii: The Consequences Of Secularization: 7. Religion, The Protestant Ethic, And Moral Values; 8. Religious Organizations And Social Capital; 9. Religious Parties And Electoral Behavior; Part Iv: Conclusions: 10. Secularization And Its Consequences; 11. Re-examining The Theory Of Existential Security; 12. Re-examining Evidence For The Security Thesis. Pippa Norris, Ronald Inglehart. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 331-358) And Index. Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Contents......Page 9 Lst of Tables......Page 11 List of Figures......Page 13 Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 15 PART I Understanding Secularization......Page 19 1 The Secularization Debate......Page 21 The Rational Weltanschauung: The Loss of Faith......Page 25 Functional Evolution: The Loss of Purpose......Page 27 The Theory of Religious Markets: The Loss of Competition......Page 29 The Security Axiom......Page 31 The Cultural Traditions Axiom......Page 35 1. The Religious Values Hypothesis......Page 36 2. The Religious Culture Hypothesis......Page 38 3. The Religious Participation Hypothesis......Page 39 5. The Demographic Hypothesis......Page 40 Conclusions......Page 42 (i) Cross-National Comparisons......Page 45 (iii) Generational Comparisons......Page 46 Plan of the Book......Page 47 2 Measuring Secularization......Page 51 Cross-National Surveys......Page 52 Longitudinal Trends......Page 53 Generational Analysis......Page 54 The Comparative Framework......Page 55 The World Values Survey/European Values Survey......Page 56 Measures of Secularization......Page 58 The Classification of Religious Cultures......Page 61 Type of Societies......Page 66 Type of States......Page 68 Religious Freedom Index......Page 70 3 Comparing Secularization Worldwide......Page 71 Evidence of Religious Behavior......Page 73 Cross-National Patterns of Religious Behavior......Page 75 Social Characteristics......Page 87 Trends in Religious Participation and Beliefs......Page 89 Generational Comparisons......Page 94 Conclusions......Page 96 PART II Case Studies of Religion and Politics......Page 99 4 The Puzzle of Secularization in the United States and Western Europe......Page 101 Comparing Religiosity in Postindustrial Nations......Page 102 Trends in Secularization in Western Europe......Page 103 Trends in Religiosity in the United States......Page 107 Explaining Variations in Religiosity: The Religious Market Model......Page 113 Religious Pluralism......Page 118 State Regulation and Freedom of Religion......Page 120 Functional Theories and the Social Role of Religious Institutions......Page 121 The Role of Security and Economic Inequality......Page 124 5 A Religious Revival in Post-Communist Europe?......Page 129 The Secularization versus Supply-Side Debate......Page 130 Additional Relevant Factors......Page 134 Generational Change in Religiosity......Page 137 Religious Pluralism......Page 142 Societal Development......Page 143 Conclusions......Page 149 6 Religion and Politics in the Muslim World......Page 151 The “Clash of Civilizations” Debate......Page 153 Classification and Measures......Page 156 Attitudes toward Democracy......Page 162 Conclusion and Discussion......Page 170 Technical Appendix......Page 174 PART III The Consequences of Secularization......Page 175 7 Religion, the Protestant Ethic, and Moral Values......Page 177 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Thesis......Page 178 Work Ethic......Page 181 Attitudes toward Capitalism......Page 187 Ethical Standards......Page 190 Moral “Life Issue” Values......Page 191 Conclusions......Page 195 Technical Appendix......Page 197 8 Religious Organizations and Social Capital......Page 198 Putnam’s Theory of Social Capital......Page 199 Comparing Associational Membership......Page 202 (ii) Explaining Membership in Non-Religious Organizations......Page 204 (iii) Explaining Broader Patterns of Civic Engagement......Page 209 Conclusions......Page 212 9 Religious Parties and Electoral Behavior......Page 214 Structural Theories of Partisan Alignment......Page 215 Theories of Partisan Dealignment......Page 217 Left-Right Orientations and Religion......Page 219 Voting Support for Religious Parties......Page 226 Conclusions......Page 228 CONCLUSIONS......Page 231 10 Secularization and Its Consequences......Page 233 The Security Axiom......Page 235 The Cultural Traditions Axiom......Page 236 1. The Religious Values Hypothesis......Page 237 2. The Religious Cultures Hypothesis......Page 238 3. The Religious Participation Hypothesis......Page 241 4. The Civic Engagement Hypothesis......Page 245 5. The Religious Markets Hypothesis......Page 247 6. The Demographic Hypothesis......Page 249 Implications and Challenges......Page 257 11 Reexamining the Theory of Existential Security......Page 261 The Theory of Existential Security and Its Critics......Page 263 The Link between Existential Security and Religious Values......Page 264 Religious Values......Page 265 Religious Values and Beliefs Motivate Religious Practices......Page 266 Institutional Dimensions of Secularization......Page 267 Transcendent Religions and Post-Christian Forms of Spirituality......Page 268 The Links between Existential Insecurity and Human Development......Page 269 1 2 Reexamining Evidence for the Security Thesis......Page 271 Review of Previous Studies in the Social Science Literature......Page 272 Experiential Security: The Lived Poverty Index......Page 274 Religious and Security Values......Page 282 American or European Exceptionalism?......Page 284 American Grace......Page 288 A Global Resurgence of Religious Values?......Page 294 Conclusions and Implications......Page 298 Appendix A Classifications of Types of Society......Page 301 Appendix B Concepts and Measures......Page 305 Appendix C Technical Note on the Freedom of Religion Scale......Page 311 Notes......Page 313 Bibliography......Page 349 Index......Page 377 Title 7 Copyright 8 Contents 9 Lst of Tables 11 List of Figures 13 Preface and Acknowledgments 15 PART I Understanding Secularization 19 1 The Secularization Debate 21 Traditional Theories of Secularization 25 The Rational Weltanschauung: The Loss of Faith 25 Functional Evolution: The Loss of Purpose 27 The Theory of Religious Markets: The Loss of Competition 29 The Thesis of Secularization Based on Existential Security 31 The Security Axiom 31 The Cultural Traditions Axiom 35 Hypotheses 36 1. The Religious Values Hypothesis 36 2. The Religious Culture Hypothesis 38 3. The Religious Participation Hypothesis 39 4. The Civic Engagement Hypothesis 40 5. The Demographic Hypothesis 40 6. The Religious Market Hypothesis 42 Conclusions 42 Demonstrating the Theory 45 (i) Cross-National Comparisons 45 (ii) Comparing Predominant Religious Cultures 46 (iii) Generational Comparisons 46 (iv) Sectoral Comparisons 47 (v) Patterns of Demography, Fertility Rates, and Population Change 47 (vi) Social and Political Consequences 47 Plan of the Book 47 2 Measuring Secularization 51 Research Design 52 Cross-National Surveys 52 Longitudinal Trends 53 Generational Analysis 54 The Comparative Framework 55 The World Values Survey/European Values Survey 56 Measures of Secularization 58 The Classification of Religious Cultures 61 Type of Societies 66 Type of States 68 Religious Freedom Index 70 3 Comparing Secularization Worldwide 71 Evidence of Religious Behavior 73 Cross-National Patterns of Religious Behavior 75 Social Characteristics 87 Trends in Religious Participation and Beliefs 89 Generational Comparisons 94 Conclusions 96 PART II Case Studies of Religion and Politics 99 4 The Puzzle of Secularization in the United States and Western Europe 101 Comparing Religiosity in Postindustrial Nations 102 Trends in Secularization in Western Europe 103 Trends in Religiosity in the United States 107 Explaining Variations in Religiosity: The Religious Market Model 113 Religious Pluralism 118 State Regulation and Freedom of Religion 120 Functional Theories and the Social Role of Religious Institutions 121 The Role of Security and Economic Inequality 124 5 A Religious Revival in Post-Communist Europe? 129 The Secularization versus Supply-Side Debate 130 Additional Relevant Factors 134 Generational Change in Religiosity 137 The Impact of Religious Markets versus the Impact of Human Development 142 Religious Pluralism 142 State Regulation of Religion 143 Societal Development 143 Conclusions 149 6 Religion and Politics in the Muslim World 151 The “Clash of Civilizations” Debate 153 Classification and Measures 156 Attitudes toward Democracy 162 Conclusion and Discussion 170 Technical Appendix 174 PART III The Consequences of Secularization 175 7 Religion, the Protestant Ethic, and Moral Values 177 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Thesis 178 Evidence for the Protestant Ethic 181 Work Ethic 181 Attitudes toward Capitalism 187 Ethical Standards 190 Moral “Life Issue” Values 191 Conclusions 195 Technical Appendix 197 8 Religious Organizations and Social Capital 198 Putnam’s Theory of Social Capital 199 Comparing Associational Membership 202 (i) Explaining Membership in Religious Organizations 204 (ii) Explaining Membership in Non-Religious Organizations 204 (iii) Explaining Broader Patterns of Civic Engagement 209 Conclusions 212 9 Religious Parties and Electoral Behavior 214 Structural Theories of Partisan Alignment 215 Theories of Partisan Dealignment 217 Evidence of Partisan Dealignment 219 Left-Right Orientations and Religion 219 Voting Support for Religious Parties 226 Conclusions 228 CONCLUSIONS 231 10 Secularization and Its Consequences 233 The Theory of Existential Security and Secularization 235 The Security Axiom 235 The Cultural Traditions Axiom 236 Hypotheses 237 1. The Religious Values Hypothesis 237 2. The Religious Cultures Hypothesis 238 3. The Religious Participation Hypothesis 241 4. The Civic Engagement Hypothesis 245 5. The Religious Markets Hypothesis 247 6. The Demographic Hypothesis 249 Implications and Challenges 257 11 Reexamining the Theory of Existential Security 261 The Theory of Existential Security and Its Critics 263 The Link between Existential Security and Religious Values 264 Religious Values 265 Religious Beliefs 266 Religious Values and Beliefs Motivate Religious Practices 266 Responding to Our Critics 267 Institutional Dimensions of Secularization 267 Transcendent Religions and Post-Christian Forms of Spirituality 268 The Links between Existential Insecurity and Human Development 269 1 2 Reexamining Evidence for the Security Thesis 271 New Evidence Confirming the Link between Existential Security and Religiosity 272 Review of Previous Studies in the Social Science Literature 272 Experiential Security: The Lived Poverty Index 274 Religious and Security Values 282 American or European Exceptionalism? 284 American Grace 288 A Global Resurgence of Religious Values? 294 Conclusions and Implications 298 Appendix A Classifications of Types of Society 301 Appendix B Concepts and Measures 305 Appendix C Technical Note on the Freedom of Religion Scale 311 Notes 313 Bibliography 349 Index 377 978-1-107-01128-1,Hardback,9781107648371,Paperback Cambridge eText & Quot;Seminal nineteenth-century thinkers predicted that religion would gradually fade in importance with the emergence of industrial society. The belief that religion was dying became the conventional wisdom in the social sciences during most of the twentieth century. The traditional secularization thesis needs updating, however, religion has not disappeared and is unlikely to do so. Nevertheless, the concept of secularization captures an important part of what is going on. This book develops a theory of existential security. It demonstrates that the publics of virtually all advanced industrial societies have been moving toward more secular orientations during the past half century, but also that the world as a whole now has more people with traditional religious views than ever before. This second edition expands the theory and provides new and updated evidence from a broad perspective and in a wide range of countries. This confirms that religiosity persists most strongly among vulnerable populations, especially in poorer nations and in failed states. Conversely, a systematic erosion of religious practices, values, and beliefs has occurred among the more prosperous strata in rich nations"--Provided by publisher "Seminal nineteenth-century thinkers predicted that religion would gradually fade in importance with the emergence of industrial society. The belief that religion was dying became the conventional wisdom in the social sciences during most of the twentieth century. The traditional secularization thesis needs updating, however, religion has not disappeared and is unlikely to do so. Nevertheless, the concept of secularization captures an important part of what is going on. This book develops a theory of existential security. It demonstrates that the publics of virtually all advanced industrial societies have been moving toward more secular orientations during the past half century, but also that the world as a whole now has more people with traditional religious views than ever before. This second edition expands the theory and provides new and updated evidence from a broad perspective and in a wide range of countries. This confirms that religiosity persists most strongly among vulnerable populations, especially in poorer nations and in failed states. Conversely, a systematic erosion of religious practices, values, and beliefs has occurred among the more prosperous strata in rich nations"-- Provided by publisher & Quot;This book develops a theory of secularization and existential security, demonstrating that the publics of virtually all advanced industrial societies have been moving toward more secular orientations during the past fifty years, but also that the world as a whole now has more people with traditional religious views than ever before"--Provided by publisher