Ruminant Toxicology, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice (Volume 27-2) (The Clinics: Veterinary Medicine, Volume 27-2)

Guest Editor Gary Osweiler presents a comprehensive look at ruminant toxicology. Topics will include biofuels co-products tolerance and toxicology for ruminants, diagnostic toxicology for ruminants, metal/mineral poisoning and interactions, reproductive toxicants in forage and grain crops, ruminant mycotoxicoses, antidotes and therapy for ruminant toxicants, western plant hazardous to ruminants, southeastern toxic plants affecting ruminants, northeastern plants toxic to ruminants, industrial and commercial products affecting ruminants, water quality and ruminant health and productivity, ,and much more! Front Cover 1 Ruminant Toxicology 2 Copyright Page 3 Contributors 4 Contents 8 Preface: Ruminant Toxicology 14 Chapter 1. Diagnostic Guidelines for Ruminant Toxicoses 16 HISTORICAL INFORMATION 16 CLINICAL SIGNS 18 CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTS 20 NECROPSY LESIONS 22 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 22 SUMMARY 23 REFERENCES 23 Chapter 2. The Use of Blood Analysis to Evaluate Trace Mineral Status in Ruminant Livestock 24 COPPER 29 COBALT 27 IODINE 32 IRON 33 MANGANESE 35 MOLYBDENUM 37 SELENIUM 37 ZINC 40 STRATEGIES FOR ASSESSMENT OF MINERAL STATUS FROM BLOOD ANALYSIS IN LIVESTOCK 41 SUMMARY 47 REFERENCES 48 Chapter 3. Water Quality for Cattle 54 TDS 55 SALINITY 55 SODIUM CHLORIDE 55 SULFATE 56 NITRATES AND NITRITES 57 BLUE-GREEN ALGAE 57 MINERALS 61 MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS 59 HARDNESS 60 TEMPERATURE 60 OTHER FACTORS 60 SAMPLING 62 WATER TREATMENTS 62 SUMMARY 63 REFERENCES 63 Chapter 4. Biofuels Coproducts Tolerance and Toxicology for Ruminants 66 CORN COPRODUCTS 66 SULFUR TOXICOSIS 67 RUMINAL SULFUR METABOLISM 67 CLINICAL SIGNS OF SULFUR TOXICOSIS 69 DIAGNOSIS OF PEM 69 BIOFUELS AND MYCOTOXINS 70 BIOFUELS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUE 70 BIODIESEL BY-PRODUCT TOXICOSIS 70 REFERENCES 71 Chapter 5. Ionophore Toxicity and Tolerance 74 GENERAL 74 MECHANISM OF ACTION 74 APPROVED IONOPHORE PRODUCTS 75 IONOPHORE USE AND BENEFITS 75 TOXICITY 76 TOXIC DOSE 76 IONOPHORE TOLERANCE 76 MECHANISM OF TOXICITY 76 DRUG INTERACTIONS 77 CLINICAL SIGNS 77 PATHOLOGY 78 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY CHANGES 78 DIAGNOSIS 78 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 79 TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS 79 REFERENCES 79 Chapter 6. Ruminant Mycotoxicosis 84 CROP MOLDS AND POTENTIAL MYCOTOXINS 85 AFLATOXINS 87 ERGOT 98 FESCUE 100 TRICHOTHECENES 101 FUMONISINS 104 OCRHRATOXIN A AND CITRININ 105 TREMORGENS 105 SILAGE AND FORAGE MOLDS 106 PHOTOSENSITIZATION 107 DIPLODIA 107 SUMMARY 108 REFERENCES 109 Chapter 7. Diminished Reproductive Performance and Selected Toxicants in Forages and Grains 114 PRECAUTIONARY NOTE 114 REPRODUCTION 115 NEGATIVE REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES AND ENZOOTIC PREDISPOSITIONS AND STRESSORS 116 THE IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT FACTORS TO OPTIMAL REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY 118 BASIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NEGATIVE REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES IN RUMINANTS 119 THE ADVERSE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF PHYTOTOXINS AND MYCOTOXINS IN RUMINANTS 121 SPECIFIC FORAGE-RELATED AND GRAIN-RELATED REPRODUCTIVE TOXICANTS 123 NITRATE 123 ERGOT ALKALOIDS 128 XENOESTROGENS 133 SUMMARY 137 REFERENCES 138 Chapter 8. Commercial and Industrial Chemical Hazards for Ruminants 142 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION 143 MINING AND SMELTING 145 AGRICULTURE 147 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 150 IRRIGATION 151 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS, POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS, DIOXINS, AND FURANS 152 ETHYLENE GLYCOL 153 REFERENCES 154 Chapter 9. Safety of Antibiotic Drugs in Food Animals: Comparison of Findings from Preapproval Studies and Postapproval Experience in the United States with Safety Information in Published Literature 158 DRUG SAFETY EVALUATION DURING THE DRUG APPROVAL PROCESS 159 POSTAPPROVAL MONITORING AND ADVERSE DRUG EXPERIENCE REPORTING 161 INTEGRATION OF PREAPPROVAL AND POSTAPPROVAL SAFETY FINDINGS WITH PUBLISHED LITERATURE 162 SUMMARY 172 REFERENCES 172 Chapter 10. Identifying Plant Poisoning in Livestock: Diagnostic Approaches and Laboratory Tests 176 SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY 176 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 178 PLANT IDENTIFICATION AND PLANT AND FEED ANALYSIS 179 POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION 182 INTERPRETATION 185 SUMMARY 186 Chapter 11. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid– Containing Toxic Plants (Senecio, Crotalaria, Cynoglossum, Amsinckia, Heliotropium, and Echium spp.) 188 INDIVIDUAL PYRROLIZIDINE PLANTS 188 TOXICOKINETICS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION 192 TOXICITY AND RISK FACTORS 192 DIAGNOSTIC TESTING 196 TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS 196 PREVENTION AND CONTROL 196 REFERENCES 197 Chapter 12. Effects of Xenobiotics and Phytotoxins on Reproduction in Food Animals 198 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (TERATOGENESIS) 199 ABORTION-INDUCING TOXICANTS 200 TOXICANTS AFFECTING FERTILITY 200 SUMMARY 212 REFERENCES 212 Chapter 13. Southeastern Plants Toxic to Ruminants 216 APLASTIC ANEMIA 216 CYANIDE 217 CARDIOVASCULAR 218 GASTROINTESTINAL 219 HEPATIC 220 MUSCLE 221 NERVOUS SYSTEM 222 NITRATES/NITRITES 224 PULMONARY 225 RENAL 226 REFERENCES 226 Chapter 14. Toxic Plants of the Northeastern United States 228 WATER HEMLOCKS (CICUTA SPP) 229 POISON HEMLOCK (CONIUM MACULATUM) 230 RAGWORTS (SENECIO SPP) 231 NIGHTSHADES (SOLANUM SPP) 233 WHITE SNAKEROOT (AGERATINA ALTISSIMA) 234 COCKLEBUR (XANTHIUM) 235 PIGWEED (AMARANTHUS SPP) 236 BRACKEN FERN (PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM) 237 MARIJUANA (CANNABIS SATIVA) 239 POKEWEED (PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA) 240 YEW (TAXUS SPP) 241 RHODODENDRON AND RELATED SPECIES, (RHODODENDRON SPP, KALMIA SPP, PIERIS SPP) 242 OAK TREES (QUERCUS SPP) 243 CHERRIES, PEACHES, AND OTHER STONE FRUITS (PRUNUS SPP) 244 SUMMARY 247 REFERENCES 247 Chapter 15. Treatment of Animal Toxicoses: A Regulatory Perspective 250 PREVALENCE OF ANIMAL TOXICOSES 251 DRUGS USED TO TREAT ANIMAL TOXICOSES 251 ELU IN TREATING ANIMAL TOXICOSES 255 BEYOND ELU—UNAPPROVED DRUGS 277 OPTIONS 279 SUMMARY 280 REFERENCES 281 Index 282 Back Cover 294 Presents a look at ruminant toxicology. This title includes topics such as biofuels co-products tolerance and toxicology for ruminants, diagnostic toxicology for ruminants, metal/mineral poisoning and interactions, reproductive toxicants in forage and grain crops, ruminant mycotoxicoses, antidotes and therapy for ruminant toxicants, and more.