Routledge Handbook of Global Populism (Routledge International Handbooks)

This volume illustrates the diversity of populism globally. When seeking power, populists politicize issues, and point to problems that need to be addressed such as inequalities, the loss of national sovereignty to globalization, or the rule of unresponsive political elites. Yet their solutions tend to be problematic, simplistic, and in most instances, instead of leading to better forms of democracy, their outcomes are authoritarian. Populists use a playbook of concentrating power in the hands of the president, using the legal system instrumentally to punish critics, and attacking the media and civil society. Despite promising to empower the people, populists lead to processes of democratic erosion and even transform malfunctioning democracies into hybrid regimes. The Routledge Handbook of Global Populism provides instructors, students, and researchers with a thorough and systematic overview of the history and development of populism and analyzes the main debates. It is divided into sections on the theories of populism, on political and social theory and populism, on how populists politicize inequalities and differences, on the media and populism, on its ambiguous relationships with democratization and authoritarianism, and on the distinct regional manifestations of populism. Leading international academics from history, political science, media studies, and sociology map innovative ideas and areas of theoretical and empirical research to understand the phenomenon of global populism. About the Author Carlos de la Torre is Professor of Sociology at the University of Kentucky and Emeritus Professor at FLASCO-Ecuador. He has been a fellow at the Simon Guggenheim Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars. He is the author of 13 books and over 100 articles and book chapters. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Notes on contributors 1. Global populism: histories, trajectories, problems, and challenges 1. Studying populism: from mass society to discursive and political theories 2. Challenging inequalities and politicizing differences 3. Populist links: charisma, organizations, and the mass media 4. Populism as a regime 5. Conclusions Notes References PART I: Contemporary theories of populism Introduction to Part I 2. Laclau’s theory of populism: a critical review The novelty of Laclau’s approach to populism Populism as democracy and the neutralizing role of indirect democracy The rationale of populism Critical reflections on the Laclaunian conception of populism Laclau’s theory and contemporary political expressions of populism Notes References 3. Populism as a political strategy Introduction Evolution of the approach Divisions and debates Advantages of the political approach Conclusion References 4. The ideational approach Origins Content of the approach Current research The ideational approach vs. the others Conclusion: critical reflections and future work References PART II:Populism and political and social theory Introduction to Part II 5. Antiestablishment and the substitution of the whole with one of its parts 1. The part and the whole 2. Pars pro parte, or back to factions 3. At the root of the moral ideology of populism 4. At the roots of the discursive strategy 5. The insufferable few 6. Populism’s antiestablishment 7. Antiestablishment is democratic 8. Democracy’s diarchy 9. Conclusion Notes References 6. Civil society, populism, and religion 1. Civil society and democracy 2. Populism and civil society 3. Populism and religion 4. Conclusion: civil society vs. populism and political religion Notes References 7. Populist constitutionalism Introduction Populism and constitutionalism Populist constitutionalism deconstructed Concluding remarks Notes References 8. Twisting representation Introduction Defining populism and leadership Ambivalences Tensions within democratic representation The populist twist The relationship between the leader and the people The threat for democracy Notes References PART III:The populist politicization of inequalities and differences Introduction to Part III 9. Left, right, and the populist structuring of political competition Populism’s political logic Donald Trump and political realignment in the U.S. Conclusion Notes References 10. The emergence of ethno-populism in Latin America A brief history of ethno-populism in Latin America The transformation of populism in Latin America Inclusive versus exclusionary ethno-populism Ethno-populism and democracy in Latin America Conclusion References 11. Islamic populism and the politics of neoliberal inequalities Historical trajectories Islamic populism and social contradictions Conclusion Note References 12. Populism and race in the United States from George Wallace to Donald Trump Introduction George Wallace Richard Nixon The populist promise of Jesse Jackson Pat Buchanan The Tea Party Trumpism References 13. Populism, migration, and xenophobia in Europe Introduction Populism: historical trajectory, main perspectives, and debates Causes of populism Political representation and the success of populist formations Manifestations of populism: Manifestations of populism: ‘enemy politics’ as a populist alternative to democratic representation Conclusions References PART IV:Populism and the media Introduction to Part IV 14. Populism as media and communication phenomenon Introduction Populism as a communication phenomenon The elements of populist rhetoric Populist critique of the media Media and populist politics Populist communication and liberal-progressive democracy Conclusion References 15. Populism and media in Western Europe Western European populism and old media Western European populism and new media Political populism versus media populism in Western Europe The hybridization of populist political communication in Western Europe Conclusion Notes References 16. Donald Trump, American populism and affective media Introduction Populism, antagonism and enjoyment Conservative networks and media populism Mediatization and individuated publics of enjoyment Affective media labour and jouissance Conclusion Notes References PART V:Between democratization and authoritarianism Introduction to Part V 17. The influence of populist leaders on African democracy Party politics in South Africa and Zambia: the ascendance of populism Authoritarian legacies of populist governance Conclusions Notes References 18. Populism and democracy in Europe Two concepts of populism Vox populi, vox dei What is the people? Populism as a theory of democracy The European political arrangement: representative democracy plus social market economy The chameleonic nature of European populism The crisis as window of opportunity for populism in Europe Is democracy under threat in Europe? Conclusion References 19. Radical left-wing populism and democracy in Europe 1. Introduction 2. The “people”: a new “historical bloc” 3. Social imaginary 4. “Democracia real, ya” 5. Conclusions Notes References 20. Fascism and populism The emergence of modern populism in Latin America Fascists into Peronists Conclusion References 21. Populism and authoritarianism 1. Historical trajectories 2. Main approach 3. Critical debates: what are the crucial factors? 4. Critical reflection: the differences between populism and fascism 5. Conclusion Notes References 22. Populism and competitive authoritarianism in Latin America Cases Conclusion Notes References PART VIRegional trajectories Introduction to Part VI 23. Populism in Africa and the potential for “ethnically blind” politics Populism in the African context Inclusive and exclusive populism in Africa The future for populism in Africa Notes References 24. Movement leaders, oligarchs, technocrats and autocratic mavericks: populists in contemporary Asia History: anti-colonial, developmental and electoral populists Asia’s populists and their approaches: four case studies Scholarly disputes: how democratic and effective are Asia’s populists? Asian populists and global populism studies Conclusion and outlook References 25. Populism in the Middle East 1. Introduction 2. Populism in Iran 3. Populism in Turkey 4. Populism in Israel 5. Conclusions Notes References 26. Populism in the U.S. Introduction Historical overview Perspectives Debates: left or right? Reflections: between movements and the state, the rational and the irrational Conclusion: moving forward (or backward?) Notes References 27. From left to right and beyond: the defense of populism The uncomfortable relationship Left-wing populism as the “good” populism Right-wing populism as the self-defense of the people The impossible alliance? Conclusion – unwrapping the gift References 28. Populist waves in Latin America: continuities, twists, and ruptures 1. Transition and social change in populisms 2. Charismatic leadership, heroism, and the instability of populism 3. Democracy and populism: futile reconciliation attempts 4. Conclusions Notes References Quoted speeches 29. The missing piece in global populism: the role populism played in Central America Making sense of the recurrent emergence of populism in Latin America A lack of populism or a myopia of analytical lenses? Central America: a multiplicity of political scenarios Conclusions and a call for further research Note References 30. Epilogue: areas for future research Minimal or classical definitions The diffusion of populism Looking at populism from the global south Gender and populism Populism, authoritarianism, and democratization References Index "Global populism: histories, trajectories, problems and challenges" / Carlos de la Torre -- Laclau's theory of populism a critical review / Enrique Peruzzotti -- Populist political strategies / Robert Barr -- The ideational approach / Kirk A. Hawkins -- "Antiestablishment and the substitution of the whole with one of its parts" / Nadia Urbinati -- "Civil society, populism and religion" / Andrew Arato -- "Populist constitutionalism" / Paul Blokker -- "Twisting representation" / Paula Diehl -- Left, right, and the populist structuring of political competition / Kenneth Roberts -- Populism and ethnic inclusion in Latin America / Raúl Madrid -- Islamic populism and the politics of neoliberal inequalities / Vedi R. Hadiz -- Populism and race in the US / Joseph Lowndes -- Populism, migration, and xenophobia in Europe / Carlo Ruzza -- "Populism as media and communication phenomenon" / Silvio Waisbord -- Populism and media in Western Europe / Benjamin Moffitt -- "Donald Trump, American populism and affective media" / Olivier Jutel -- The influence of populist leaders on African democracy / Danielle Resnick -- Populism and democracy in Europe / Ángel Rivero -- Left-wing populism and democracy in Europe / Marco Damiani -- Populism and Trans-Atlantic fascism / Federico Finchelstein -- Populist authoritarianism / Kurt Weyland -- Populism and competitive authoritarianism / Steven Levistky -- Populism in Africa and the possibility of inclusive politics / Nic Cheeseman -- Populists in Asia: fighting social immobility or entrenching autocracy?" / Marcus Mietzner -- Populism in the Middle East / Dani Filc -- Populism in the US / Ritchie Savage -- From left to right and beyond: the defense of populism / José Pedro Zuquete -- Populism in Latin America / Felipe Burbano de Lara -- The missing piece in global populism: what role populism played in Central America? / Luis Roniger "This volume illustrates the diversity of populism globally. When seeking power, populists politicize issues, and point to problems that need to be addressed such as inequalities, the loss of national sovereignty to globalization, or the rule of unresponsive political elites. Yet their solutions tend to be problematic, simplistic, and in most instances, instead of leading to better forms of democracy their outcomes are authoritarianism. Populists use a playbook of concentrating power in the hands of the president, using the legal system instrumentally to punish critics, and attacking the media and civil society. Despite promising to empower the people, populists lead to processes of democratic erosion and even transform malfunctioning democracies into hybrid regimes. The Routledge Handbook of Global Populism provides instructors, students, and researchers with a thorough and systematic overview of the history and development of populism and analyses the main debates. It is divided into sections on the theories of populism, on political and social theory and populism, on how populists politicize inequalities and differences, on the media and populism, on its ambiguous relationships with democratization and authoritarianism, and on the distinct regional manifestations of populism. Leading international academics from history, political science, media studies, anthropology, and sociology map innovative ideas and areas of theoretical and empirical research to understand the phenomena of global populism"-- Provided by publisher