Routledge Handbook of Food as a Commons: Expanding Approaches (Routledge Environment and Sustainability Handbooks)

From the scientific and industrial revolution to the present day, food – an essential element of life – has been progressively transformed into a private, transnational, mono-dimensional commodity of mass consumption for a global market. But over the last decade there has been an increased recognition that this can be challenged and reconceptualized if food is regarded and enacted as a commons. This Handbook provides the first comprehensive review and synthesis of knowledge and new thinking on how food and food systems can be thought, interpreted and practiced around the old/new paradigms of commons and commoning. The overall aim is to investigate the multiple constraints that occur within and sustain the dominant food and nutrition regime and to explore how it can change when different elements of the current food systems are explored and re-imagined from a commons perspective. Chapters do not define the notion of commons but engage with different schools of thought: 1.- the economic approach, based on rivalry and excludability; 2.- the political approach, recognizing the plurality of social constructions and incorporating epistemologies from the South; 3.- the legal approach that describes three types of proprietary regimes (private, public and collective) and different layers of entitlement (bundles of rights); and 4.- the radical-activist approach that considers the commons as the most subversive, coherent and history-rooted alternative to the dominant neoliberal narrative. These schools have different and rather diverging epistemologies, vocabularies, ideological stances and policy proposals to deal with the construction of food systems, their governance, the distributive implications and the socio-ecological impact on Nature and Society. The book sparks the debate on food as a commons between and within disciplines, with particular attention to spaces of resistance (food sovereignty, de-growth, open knowledge, transition town, occupations, bottom-up social innovations) and organizational scales (local food, national policies, South–South collaborations, international governance and multi-national agreements). Overall, it shows the consequences of a shift to the alternative paradigm of food as a commons in terms of food, the planet and living beings. 1 Introduction: The food commons are coming ... 1 Jose Luis Vivero-Pol, Tomaso Ferrando, Olivier De Schutter and Ugo Mattei PART I Rebranding food and alternative narratives of transition 23 2 The idea of food as a commons: Multiple understandings for multiple dimensions of food 25 Jose Luis Vivero-Pol 3 The food system as a commons 42 Giacomo Pettenati, Alessia Toldo and Tomaso Ferrando 4 Growing a care-based commons food regime 57 Marina Chang 5 New roles for citizens, markets and the state towards an open-source agricultural revolution 70 Alex Pazaitis and Michel Bauwens 6 Food security as a global public good 85 Cristian Timmermann PART II Exploring the multiple dimensions of food 101 7 Food, needs and commons 103 John O’Neill 8 Community-based commons and rights systems 121 George Kent 9 Food as cultural core: Human milk, cultural commons and commodification 138 Penny Van Esterik 10 Food as a commodity 155 Noah Zerbe PART III Food-related elements considered as commons 171 11 Traditional agricultural knowledge as a commons 173 Victoria Reyes-García, Petra Benyei and Laura Calvet-Mir 12 Scientific knowledge of food and agriculture in public institutions: Movement from public to private goods 185 Molly D. Anderson 13 Western Gastronomy, inherited commons and market logic: Cooking up a crisis 203 Christian Barrère 14 Genetic resources for food and agriculture as commons 218 Christine Frison and Brendan Coolsaet 15 Water, food and climate commoning in South African cities: Contradictions and prospects 231 Patrick Bond and Mary Galvin PART IV Commoning from below: Current examples of commons-based food systems 249 16 The ‘Campesino a Campesino’ Agroecology Movement in Cuba: Food Sovereignty and Food as a Commons 251 Peter M. Rosset and Valentín Val 17 The commoning of food governance in Canada: Pathways towards a national food policy? 266 Hugo Martorell and Peter Andrée 18 Food surplus as charitable provision: Obstacles to re-introducing food as a commons 281 Tara Kenny and Colin Sage 19 Community-building through food self-provisioning in central and eastern Europe: An analysis through the food commons framework 296 Bálint Balázs PART V Dialogue of alternative narratives of transition 311 20 Can food as a commons advance food sovereignty? 313 Eric Holt-Giménez and Ilja van Lammeren 21 Land as a Commons: Examples from the UK and Italy 329 Chris Maughan and Tomaso Ferrando 22 The centrality of food for social emancipation: Civic food networks as real utopias projects 342 Maria Fonte and Ivan Cucco 23 Climate change, the food commons and human health 356 Cristina Tirado von der Pahlen PART VI Conclusions 371 24 Food as commons: Towards a new relationship between the public, the civic and the private 373 Olivier De Schutter, Ugo Mattei, Jose Luis Vivero-Pol and Tomaso Ferrando This Handbook provides the first comprehensive review and synthesis of knowledge and new thinking on how food and food systems can be thought, interpreted and practiced around the old/new paradigms of commons and commoning. The overall aim is to investigate the multiple constraints that occur within and sustain the dominant food and nutrition regime and to explore how it can change when different elements of the current food systems are explored and re-imagined from a commons perspective. The book sparks the debate on food as a commons between and within disciplines, with particular attention to spaces of resistance (food sovereignty, de-growth, open knowledge, transition town, occupations, bottom-up social innovations) and organizational scales (local food, national policies, South-South collaborations, international governance and multi-national agreements). Overall, it shows the consequences of a shift to the alternative paradigm of food as a commons in terms of food, the planet and living beings. Chapter 1 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https: //s3-us-west-(http://2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781351665520_oachapter1.pdf) 2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/doc... Chapter 24 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https: //s3-us-west-(http://2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9781351665520_oachapter24.pdf) 2.amazonaws.com/tandfbis/rt-files/doc... This book was motivated by the need to approach with a fresh look what we regard as perhaps the most embarrassing predicament of the Anthropocene/Capitalocene (Capra and Mattei, 2015, Altvater et al., 2016, Moore, 2017). We live in an era with roughly the same number (about one billion) of over-fed people and of people lacking access to nutritious food (which means that do not know in the morning if they will be able to feed themselves and their children during the day). Our era also stands out by the remarkable amount of food that is wasted in some parts of the world and by the unprecedented number of livestock that populates this planet (Patel and Moore, 2017). Moreover, in the current phase of neoliberal capitalism that dominates in the Anthropocene/Capitalocene, the ecological footprint is out of control; some rich people (the majority in the Global North and the elite in the Global South) can enjoy every day food shipped from thousands of miles away on gas gulping aircrafts and boats that pollute the environment beyond imagination. Such luxury, the result of the worldwide colonization of diets, would be impossible without a very significant environmental subsidy; if all the externalities had to be internalized, eating Nile Perch would be unaffordable to most people everywhere. The subsidy is ultimately paid by the poor in the South and, in general, will certainly be paid by future generations. Unless we deal with and avoid the hidden social and environmental costs that are so far unaccounted for in the hegemonic food system (TEEB, 2018) This Handbook provides the first comprehensive review and synthesis of knowledge and new thinking on how food and food systems can be thought, interpreted and practiced around the old/new paradigms of commons and commoning. The overall aim is to investigate the multiple constraints that occur within and sustain the dominant food and nutrition regime and to explore how it can change when different elements of the current food systems are explored and re-imagined from a commons perspective. The book sparks the debate on food as a commons between and within disciplines, with particular attention to spaces of resistance (food sovereignty, de-growth, open knowledge, transition town, occupations, bottom-up social innovations) and organizational scales (local food, national policies, South–South collaborations, international governance and multi-national agreements). Overall, it shows the consequences of a shift to the alternative paradigm of food as a commons in terms of food, the planet and living beings. Chapters 1 and 24 of this book are freely available as downloadable Open Access PDFs at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license. This book aims to open that discussion in the belief that we can obtain for food at least some of the (though partial) successes that we have been able to obtain with water