Rough draft : Cold War military manpower policy and the origins of Vietnam-era draft resistance

Rough Draft draws the curtain on the race and class inequities of the Selective Service during the Vietnam War. Amy J. Rutenberg argues that policy makers' idealized conceptions of Cold War middle-class masculinity directly affected whom they targeted for conscription and also for deferment. Federal officials believed that college educated men could protect the nation from the threat of communism more effectively as civilians than as soldiers. The availability of deferments for this group mushroomed between 1945 and 1965, making it less and less likely that middle-class white men would serve in the Cold War army. Meanwhile, officials used the War on Poverty to target poorer and racialized men for conscription in the hopes that military service would offer them skills they could use in civilian life. As Rutenberg shows, manpower policies between World War II and the Vietnam War had unintended consequences. While some men resisted military service in Vietnam for reasons of political conscience, most did so because manpower polices made it possible. By shielding middle-class breadwinners in the name of national security, policymakers militarized certain civilian roles―a move that, ironically, separated military service from the obligations of masculine citizenship and, ultimately, helped kill the draft in the United States. This book argues that policy makers’ idealized conceptions of middle-class masculinity directly affected who they targeted for conscription during the Cold War. Along with much of the American population, federal officials, including those within the Selective Service System, believed college educated men could better protect the nation from the threat of communism as civilians than as soldiers. The availability of deferments for these men grew rapidly between 1945 and 1965, militarizing their occupations and making it less and less likely that middle-class white men would serve in the Cold War military. Meanwhile, officials used the War on Poverty to target poorer men for conscription in the hopes that military service would offer them skills they could use in civilian life. Therefore, while some men resisted military service in Vietnam for reasons of political conscience, most of those who avoided military service did so because manpower polices made it possible. By protecting middle-class breadwinners in the name of national security, policy planners militarized certain civilian roles, a move that, ironically, separated military service from the obligations of masculine citizenship and, ultimately, helped kill the draft in the United States. ROUGH DRAFT 1 Contents 8 Acknowledgments 10 Selective Service Classification Chart (1951–1973) 14 Introduction 18 1. “Digging for Deferments”: World War II, 1940–1945 31 2. “To Rub Smooth the Sharp Edges”: Universal Military Training, 1943–1951 55 3. “Really First-Class Men”: The Early Cold War, 1948–1953 86 4. “A Draft-Dodging Business”: Manpower Channeling, 1955–1965 113 5. “The Most Important Human Salvage Operation in the History of our Country”: The War on Poverty, 1961–1969 146 6. “Choice or Chance”: The Vietnam War, 1965–1973 174 Conclusion 205 List of Abbreviations 214 Notes 216 Index 268 "America's inequitable system of draft deferments during the Vietnam War was the direct outgrowth of military manpower policies designed to fight the Cold War at home"-- Provided by publisher