Rome and Barbaricum: Contributions to the Archaeology and History of Interaction in European Protohistory (Archaeopress Roman Archaeology): 67

Rome and Barbaricum: Contributions to the archaeology and history of interaction in European protohistory asks the following questions: How did the ‘Barbarians’ influence Roman culture? What did ‘Roman-ness’ mean in the context of Empire? What did it mean to be Roman and / or ‘Barbarian’ in different contexts? The papers presented here explore the concepts of Romanisation and of Barbaricum from a multi-disciplinary and comparative standpoint, covering Germania, Dacia, Moesia Inferior, Hispania, and other regions of the Roman Empire. They deal with issues such as conceptual analysis of the term ‘barbarian’, military and administrative organization, inter-cultural and linguistic relations, numismatics, religion, economy, prosopographic investigations, constructing identities; and they present reflections on the theoretical framework for a new model of Romanisation. Table of Contents Foreword What the Romans really meant when using the word ‘Barbarian’. Some thoughts on ‘Romans and Barbarians’ – Alexander Rubel Germany East of the Rhine, 12 BC – AD 16. The first step to becoming a Roman province – Gabriele Rasbach The Gallo-Roman temple ‘Auf dem Spätzrech’ (Schwarzenbach/Saarland) – From a Late La Tène cult place to a Gallo-Roman pilgrim shrine? – Daniel Burger-Völlmecke After the ‘Great War’ (AD 166-180) – A ‘New Deal’ in internal relations within the Central and Northern European Barbaricum? – Hans-Ulrich Voß Inter-cultural and linguistic relations north of the Danube – Iulia Dumitrache, Roxana-Gabriela Curcă Prosopographic notes on Flavius Reginus from Arrubium – Lucreţiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba Some considerations on the coin finds in the sites of Roman Dacia – Lucian Munteanu Überlegungen zur Romanisierung jenseits des dako-moesischen Limes im Spannungsfeld zwischen Schulbuch, Fachwissenschaft und Politik – Alexandru Popa Constructing identities within the periphery of the Roman Empire: north-west Hispania – Manuela Martins, Cristina Braga, Fernanda Magalhães, Jorge Ribeiro Rome and Barbaricum: Contributions to the archaeology and history of interaction in European protohistory asks the following questions: How did the ‘Barbarians’ influence Roman culture? What did ‘Roman-ness’ mean in the context of Empire? What did it mean to be Roman and/or ‘Barbarian’ in different contexts? The papers presented here explore the concepts of Romanisation and of Barbaricum from a multi-disciplinary and comparative standpoint, covering Germania, Dacia, Moesia Inferior, Hispania, and other regions of the Roman Empire. They deal with issues such as conceptual analysis of the term ‘barbarian’, military and administrative organization, inter-cultural and linguistic relations, numismatics, religion, economy, prosopographic investigations, constructing identities; and they present reflections on the theoretical framework for a new model of Romanisation. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright Page 4 Contents Page 5 List of Figures 7 Foreword 9 Alexander Rubel 11 What the Romans really meant when using the word ‘Barbarian’. Some thoughts on ‘Romans and Barbarians’ 11 What the Romans really meant when using the word ‘Barbarian’. Some thoughts on ‘Romans and Barbarians’ 11 Figure 1. ‘The Dying Gaul’. Hellenistic sculpture for the Pergamon Altar (Capitoline Museum); photo: Anthony Mayanlahti (antmoos), Wikicommons. 23 Figure 2. Germanic ‘Barbarian’ in a gesture of submission, Gherla (Romania); photo: Sigurd Rubel. 24 Figure 3. The Missorium of Theodosius, copy at the Museum of Roman Art, Merida (Spain); photo: Manuel de Corselas, Wikicommons. 26 Gabriele Rasbach 32 Germany East of the Rhine, 12 BC – AD 16. The first step to becoming a Roman province 32 Germany East of the Rhine, 12 BC – AD 16. The first step to becoming a Roman province 32 Figure 1. Map of Roman sites in Caesarian and Augustan times in Germany. 33 Figure 2. Comparison by size of different military camps of Augustan times and the civil site of Waldgirmes. 35 Figure 3. Rödgen. Reconstruction of the military camp. 36 Figure 4. Hedemünden. LiDAR-scan of the archaeological site (Grote 2012). 37 Figure 5. View across the village of Waldgirmes towards the conical Dünsberg. 38 Figure 6. Reconstruction of Roman Waldgirmes on the basis of archaeological data. 39 Figure 7. Waldgirmes. Plan of the first constructions, dated before 4 BC. 39 Figure 8. Waldgirmes. Plan of the military barrack with separate officer’s quarters. 40 Figure 9. Waldgirmes. Plan of the Augustan civil site. 41 Fig. 10. Waldgirmes. Foundation pit in the inner courtyard of the forum with fragments of shell-bearing limestone from the Champagne region. 42 Fig. 11. Waldgirmes. Silver, gold plated disk fibula with inlays of different coloured glass. 43 Figure 12. Waldgirmes. Early eye-fibula, silver. 44 Figure 13. Waldgirmes. The second well in photogrammetric reconstruction. 45 Figure 14. Waldgirmes. Life-size gilded bronze horse’s head with images of Victory and Mars. 46 Daniel Burger-Völlmecke 49 The Gallo-Roman temple ‘Auf dem Spätzrech’ (Schwarzenbach/Saarland) – From a Late Laténe cult place to a Gallo-Roman pilgrim shrine? 49 The Gallo-Roman temple ‘Auf dem Spätzrech’ (Schwarzenbach/Saarland) – From a Late Laténe cult place to a Gallo-Roman pilgrim shrine? 49 Figure 1. Eastern part of the civitas Treverorum with Schwarzenbach and the civitas-border. Map based on: Heinen 1985, supl. 1 (redrawing and processing: D. Burger). 50 Figure 2. Situation of the temple (white) to the southeast of the Dollberg plateau. 51 Figure 3. Section of the temenos area within the temple. The map shows post-pits 3, 5, 8 and offering pits I and III. The allocation of find numbers follow the orientation of the original publication. The dotted line is the reconstruction of the temenos w 52 Figure 4. Selected finds from the Late Latène Period (1-3) and from the Early Roman Imperial Period (4-8) M 1:4, brooches 7-8 M 1:2 (drawings: State Department for Heritage Preservation Saarland. Ministry for Environment, Energy and Traffic). 53 Figure. 5. East and west profiles of the trial trench (redrawing and processing: D. Burger). 54 Figure. 6. Diagram of the coins. 1: n=88 (phases by Peter 2001); 2: n=99. 56 Figure. 7. Phases 1-4 of the ‘Auf dem Spätzrech’ temple. 58 Figure 8. Distribution of the coins n=70. 59 Figure. 9. Tabula ansata (bronze) for Mars Cnabetius; 6 x 4 cm, scale available (photo and drawing: State Department for Heritage Preservation Saarland, Ministry for Environment, Energy and Traffic). 60 Figure. 10. Inscriptions of Mars Cnabetius. 1) Schwarzenbach (St. Wendel); 2) Hüttigweiler (Neunkirchen) [CIL XIII, 04508]; 3) Tholey (St. Wendel) [CIL XIII, 04258]; 4) Wahlschied (Saarbrücken) [CIL XIII, 04507]; 5) Osterburken (Neckar-Odenwald) [CIL XIII 61 Figure 11. Selected small finds: 1-3) Figurines of Mars (bronze) M 1:1; 4) Figurine of Apollo (bronze) M 1:1; 5) Phallus (bronze) M 1:1; 6) Snake (bronze) M 1:2 (drawings: State Department for Heritage Preservation Saarland, Ministry for Environment, Ener 62 After the ‘Great War’ (AD 166-180) – A ‘New Deal’ in internal relations within the Central and Northern European Barbaricum? 66 After the ‘Great War’ (AD 166-180) – A ‘New Deal’ in internal relations within the Central and Northern European Barbaricum? 66 Hans-Ulrich Voß 66 Figure 1. Overview of the geographical position of the cemeteries of Himlingøje on Zealand (DK), Hagenow and Häven in Mecklenburg (D), Lubieszewo/Lübsow in Pommerania (PL), Gommern and Leuna in Central Germany, Zauschwitz in Saxony (D) and Mušov in Moravi 67 Figure 2. Erfurt-Frienstedt, Thuringia (D), settlement. Roman and Germanic metal finds. After Schmidt 2013: fig. 8; 9. 68 Figure 3. Combination of buckets with facial handle attachments and bronze basins in Early Roman Iron Age graves. Squares are inhumations, circles are cremations. B1: AD 1-70; B2: AD 70-215/220. After Voß 2005: Abb. 11. 69 Figure 4. Furniture pattern of Early Roman Iron Age cremation graves: Kostolná pri Dunaji, western Slovakia, grave 37 (after Kolník 1980: 111 Taf. 9-93); 5.10.14-16 similar to Hagenow, Mecklenburg (D); grave 9/1995; all other except No. 7 identical with g 70 Figure 5. 1/2 Mušov, Moravia (CZ), ‘Royal Tomb’. Pair of belt buckles, gilded silver, (object C 3, C 4); 3 Hagenow, Mecklenburg (D), grave1/1995, cremation. Belt buckle, silver, partly gilded; 4 Zauschwitz, Saxony (D), grave 14, cremation. Belt buckle, br 71 Figure 6. Fittings with trumpet-shaped ornament Oldenstein (1976: Taf. 69) type 897 und 905. 72 Figure 7. ‘Schalenurnen’ (bowl urn) and brooches with high catch-plate Almgren VII, from the Late Roman Iron Age cremation cemeteries of Pritzier, Mecklenburg (D) and Kostelec na Hané, Moravia (CZ) (after Voß 2008: Abb. 13). 73 Figure 8. 1 Häven, Mecklenburg (D), inhumation graves VII/1872 (1) and 2/1967 (2). Overview of the burial equipment. 74 Figure 9. 1) Gommern, Saxony-Anhalt (D), ‘Princely Grave’, inhumation. Waist belt (belt 2), belt fittings, silver; 2) Häven, Mecklenburg (D), grave V/1869, inhumation. Waist belt, belt fittings, silver. M. 1: 1. 1 After Becker 2010: Taf. 7-9. 76 Figure 10. Häven, Mecklenburg (D), inhumation graves. Origin of grave goods (after Voß 2014: Abb. 28). 77 Figure 11. Silver vessels in 1st/3rd-century graves. I: AD 1-160/180; II: AD 150/160-200; III: AD 160/180-310/320. 1) Roman silver vessels; 2) Germanic imitations (or Dacian vessels). Encircled symbols are cremations, the remainder are inhumations (after 78 Inter-cultural and linguistic relations north of the Danube 83 Iulia Dumitrache, Roxana-Gabriela Curcă 83 Lucreţiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba 91 Prosopographic notes on Flavius Reginus from Arrubium 91 Prosopographic notes on Flavius Reginus from Arrubium 91 Figure 1. Map of Moesia Inferior. 92 Lucian Munteanu 95 Some considerations on the coin finds in the sites of Roman Dacia 95 Some considerations on the coin finds in the sites of Roman Dacia 95 Figure 1. The chronological distribution of the share of denarii subaerati (D*) in the civilian settlements (Civ) and military fortifications (Mil) of Dacia, Pannonia Inferior, Pannonia Superior, Noricum, Raetia, Germania Superior, Germania Inferior and 115 Figure 2. The monetary index (‰/year) of the cities of Dacia. 116 Figure 3. The monetary index (‰/year) of the rural settlements of Dacia. 117 Figure 4. The monetary index (‰/year) of the military settlements of Dacia. 118 Figure 5. The monetary index (‰/year) of the military fortifications of Dacia. 119 Figure 6. The monetary index (‰/year) of civilian settlements and military fortifications of Dacia, Pannonia Inferior, Pannonia Superior, Noricum, Raetia, Germania Superior, Agri Decumates, Germania Inferior and Gallia Belgica (years AD 98-275). 120 Figure 7. The monetary index (‰/year) of the civilian settlements of Dacia, Pannonia Superior, Noricum, Raetia, Germania Superior and Gallia Belgica (years AD 98-253). 121 Figure 8. The monetary index (‰/year) of the civilian settlements of Dacia, Pannonia Inferior, Pannonia Superior, Noricum, Raetia, Germania Superior, Germania Inferior and Agri Decumates (years AD 244-275). 122 Figure 9. The monetary index (‰/year) of the military fortifications of Dacia, Pannonia Superior, Raetia, Germania Superior and Agri Decumates (years AD 98-253). 123 Figure 10. The monetary index (‰/year) of the military fortifications of Dacia, Pannonia Inferior, Pannonia Superior, Raetia, Germania Superior, Germania Inferior and Agri Decumates (years AD 244-275). 124 Alexandru Popa 125 Überlegungen zur Romanisierung jenseits des dako-moesischen Limes im Spannungsfeld zwischen Schulbuch, Fachwissenschaft und Politik 125 Constructing identities within the periphery of the Roman Empire: NW Hispania 145 Constructing identities within the periphery of the Roman Empire: NW Hispania 145 Manuela Martins, Cristina Braga, ‎Fernanda Magalhães, Jorge Ribeiro 145 Figure 1. Pre-Roman political geography of the NW of Iberia according to written and epigraphic sources. 147 Figure 2. D. Junius Brutus’ campaign itinerary (138-136 BC). 149 Figure 3. Plan of ‘Citânia de Briteiros’ (Guimarães). 150 Figure 4. S. Julião Galician warrior (Archaeological Museum D. Diogo de Sousa, Braga). 151 Figure 5. Decorated door at Sabroso hill fort (Martins Sarmento Museum, Guimarães). 152 Figure 6. The administrative division of Hispania as implemented by Augustus. 153 Figure 7. Pre-Roman hill forts around Bracara Augusta. 156 Figure 8. Statue pedestal honouring Augustus (Martins Sarmento Museum, Guimarães). 158 Figure 10. Funerary monument honouring a descendant of Bloena with indigenous origin (Archaeological Museum D. Diogo de Sousa, Braga). 159 Figure 9. Funerary monument of an indigenous family (Caturus son of Camalus, Meditia daughter of Medamus and Medamus son of Caturus, Culaeciensis) (Archaeological Museum D. Diogo de Sousa, Braga). 159 Rome,Barbaricum,European protohistory,Germania,Dacia,Moesia Inferior,Hispania