Roman imperialism and Runic literacy : the westernization of Northern Europe (150-800 AD)

This dissertation discusses Roman imperialism and runic literacy. It employs an interdisciplinary terminology. By means of terms new to archaeology, the growth of a specialized language, a technolect, is traced until it enters the realm of literacy. The author argues that there is more than one way for literacy to appear in prehistoric cultures. The "normal" perception is that literacy grows out of a need to keep records of a growing economic surplus. The "other" way for a culture to become literacy is that someone else forces literacy upon it. This has been the case in many parts of the world subject to Western imperialism. The onslaught of Roman imperialism caused the invention of runic literacy in Northern Europe during the Early Roman Iron Age. The invention of the runic script should thus be seen as a pre-emptive reaction to the threat of Westernization. A comparison is made with a number of Early Modern Period cases of newly invented scripts caused by the arrival of literate westerners in West Africa. The invention and introduction of the runes may well have been a dictated shift in literacy, seeking to break away from Latin. A number of dictated shifts in literacy from Early Modern Period America and Modern Period Asia are studied in comparison. The role of runic literacy changed in the post-Roman aftermath of the Migration and Vendel Periods as the ruling elite found it increasingly difficult to find the economic means to support a lavish lifestyle that included runic literacy. As a result, there was a decline in runic literacy in Northern Europe until the economic revival of the Viking Period. By then, it was clear that the North was soon to be integrated into the Christian West. Introduction 9 Terminology 10 PART I 15 Roman Imperialism and Runic Literacy 1. Literacy and Imperialism 15 2. Latin and Early Runic Literacy 44 3. The Clash of Germanic and Roman Civilizations 71 PART II 95 The Emergence of Kleptocracy 4. The Germanization of the Roman Military 95 5. The Emergence of Germanic Kleptocracy 117 6. The Germanic Reification of Roman Monetary Capital 144 PART III 161 The Rupture of Early Runic Literacy 7. Continental Runic Literacy in the Merovingian Kleptocracies 161 8. The Demise of Literacy in the Nordic Periphery 182 9. The Rinkebyar 194 10. Three Runic Contexts in Södermanland 202 11. Early Runic and Transitional Runic Literacy in Blekinge 218 12. Summary 228 References 231 Tables 251