پایه‌های مجسمه‌های امپراتوری روم: از آگوستوس تا کمدوس (مطالعات آرهوس در باستان‌شناسی مدیترانه‌ای - جلد ۷)

The study of Roman imperial statues has made remarkable strides in the last two decades. Yet the field's understandable focus on extant portraits has made it difficult to generalize accurately. Most notably, bronze was usually the material of choice, but its high scrap value meant that such statues were inevitably melted down, so that almost all surviving statues are of stone. By examining the much larger and more representative body of statue bases, Jakob Munk Hojte is here able to situate the statues themselves in context. This volume includes a catalogue of 2300 known statue bases from more than 800 sites within and without the Roman Empire. Moreover, since it covers a period of 250 years, it allows for the first time consistent geographic, chronological and commemorative patterns to emerge. Hojte finds among other things that imperial portrait statues are connected chiefly with urban centres; that they were raised continuously during a given reign, with a higher concentration a couple years after accession; that a primary purpose was often to advertise a donor's merits; and that they increased sixfold in frequency from Augustus to Hadrian, an increase attributable to community erections. Jakob Munk Hojte is post.doc. and research assistant at the Danish National Research Foundations Centre for Black Sea Studies. Front Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 3 Copyright Page......Page 4 Preface......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 List of Figures and Tables......Page 12 Introduction......Page 14 Identification of statue bases......Page 20 The language of the inscriptions......Page 26 Types of statue base......Page 28 Literary testimony for imperial statue bases and inscriptions......Page 41 Statue types and materials used for imperial statues......Page 44 The cost of imperial statues......Page 53 Damnatio memoriae and the reuse of statue bases......Page 57 Imperial nomenclature and honorific titles......Page 66 Other dating criteria......Page 71 Dating by negative evidence......Page 73 Reliability of the dating criteria......Page 75 Dating accuracy......Page 78 Dates chosen for dedicating imperial statues......Page 79 The Applicability of the Evidence of the Statue Bases to the Extant Portraits......Page 82 The Geographical Distribution of Imperial Portrait Statues......Page 86 The geographical distribution of extant imperial portraits......Page 87 The geographical distribution of statue bases......Page 89 The number of sites and the number of bases per site......Page 104 Context......Page 110 Pre-accessional dedications......Page 126 Posthumous dedications......Page 133 Occasions for Erecting Imperial Statues......Page 144 Accession......Page 145 Jubilees (decennalia and vicennalia)......Page 158 Imperial visits......Page 160 Patterns of chronological distribution during a reign......Page 166 Dedicators of Roman Imperial Statues......Page 168 Statues dedicated by communities or their executive bodies......Page 169 Private dedicators......Page 172 Public or private?......Page 180 Corporations as dedicators......Page 182 Military units as dedicators......Page 183 Statue bases without dedicators......Page 185 Regional differences and developments......Page 186 Conclusion......Page 190 Bibliography......Page 196 What is included?......Page 218 Geography......Page 219 Histograms......Page 223 Abbreviations and Bibliography for Catalogue......Page 226 Bibliography......Page 227 Augustus......Page 230 Tiberius......Page 264 Caligula......Page 289 Claudius......Page 295 Nero......Page 320 Galba......Page 330 Vespasian......Page 331 Titus......Page 345 Domitian......Page 355 Nerva......Page 366 Trajan......Page 374 Hadrian......Page 405 Antoninus Pius......Page 467 Lucius Verus......Page 510 Marcus Aurelius......Page 532 Marcus Aurelius or Lucius Verus......Page 570 Commodus......Page 572 Augustus......Page 592 Tiberius......Page 593 Caligula......Page 594 Claudius......Page 595 Nero......Page 596 Galba, Otho, and Vitellius......Page 597 Vespasian......Page 598 Titus......Page 599 Domitian......Page 600 Nerva......Page 601 Trajan......Page 602 Hadrian......Page 603 Antoninus Pius......Page 604 Lucius Verus......Page 605 Marcus Aurelius......Page 606 Commodus......Page 607 Italy......Page 608 Northern provinces......Page 610 Gaul......Page 612 Spain......Page 614 Western North Africa......Page 616 Greece......Page 618 Asia Minor......Page 620 Eastern provinces......Page 622 Statistical Analysis, Comparative......Page 624 Tiberius......Page 634 Claudius......Page 635 Vespasian......Page 636 Domitian......Page 637 Nerva......Page 638 Hadrian......Page 639 Lucius Verus......Page 640 Marcus Aurelius......Page 641 Commodus......Page 642 East-west comparison......Page 643 Augustus......Page 644 Tiberius......Page 645 Caligula......Page 646 Claudius......Page 647 Nero......Page 648 Vespasian......Page 649 Titus......Page 650 Domitian......Page 651 Nerva......Page 652 Trajan......Page 653 Hadrian......Page 654 Antoninus Pius......Page 655 Lucius Verus......Page 656 Marcus Aurelius......Page 657 Commodus......Page 658 Augustus-Commodus......Page 659 Types Of Monuments -- Identification Of Statue Bases -- The Language Of The Inscriptions -- Types Of Statue Base -- Literary Testimony For Imperial Statue Bases And Inscriptions -- Statue Types And Materials Used For Imperial Statues -- The Cost Of Imperial Statues -- Damnatio Memoriae And The Reuse Of Statue Bases -- Dating The Inscriptions From Imperial Statue Bases -- Imperial Nomenclature And Honorific Titles -- Other Dating Criteria -- Dating By Negative Evidence -- Reliability Of The Dating Criteria -- Dating Accuracy -- Dates Chosen For Dedicating Imperial Statues -- The Applicability Of The Evidence Of The Statue Bases To The Extant Portraits -- The Geographical Distribution Of Imperial Portrait Statues -- The Geographical Distribution Of Extant Imperial Portraits -- The Geographical Distribution Of Statue Bases -- The Number Of Sites And The Number Of Bases Per Site -- Context -- Statues Dedicated Before And After A Reign -- Pre-accessional Dedications -- Posthumous Dedications -- Occasions For Erecting Imperial Statues -- Accession -- Jubilees (decennalia And Vicennalia) -- Imperial Visits -- Patterns Of Chronological Distribution During A Reign -- Dedicators Of Roman Imperial Statues -- Statues Dedicated By Communities Or Their Executive Bodies -- Private Dedicators -- Public Or Private? -- Corporations As Dedicators -- Military Units As Dedicators -- Statue Bases Without Dedicators -- Regional Differences And Developments -- Introduction To The Catalogue -- What Is Included? Sorting System -- Geography -- Distribution Maps -- Histograms -- Abbreviations And Bibliography For Catalogue -- Catalogue Of Statue Bases Arranged According To Emperor -- Augustus -- Tiberius -- Caligula -- Claudius -- Nero -- Galba -- Otho -- Vitellius -- Vespasian -- Titus -- Domitian -- Nerva -- Trajan -- Hadrian -- Antoninus Pius -- Lucius Verus -- Marcus Aurelius -- Marcus Aurelius Or Lucius Verus -- Avidius Cassius -- Commodus -- Statistical Analysis, Emperors (tables Se 1-48) -- Augustus -- Tiberius -- Caligula -- Claudius -- Nero -- Galba, Otho, And Vitellius -- Vespasian -- Titus -- Domitian -- Nerva -- Trajan -- Hadrian -- Antoninus Pius -- Lucius Verus -- Marcus Aurelius -- Commodus -- Statistical Analysis, Geographical (tables Sg 1-24) -- Italy -- Northern Provinces -- Gaul -- Spain -- Wester North Africa -- Greece -- Asia Minor -- Eastern Provinces -- Statistical Analysis, Comparative (tables Sc 1-24) -- Chronological Distribution (histograms) (figs. C 1-20) -- Augustus -- Tiberius -- Caligula -- Claudius -- Nero -- Vespasian -- Titus -- Domitian -- Nerva -- Trajan -- Hadrian -- Antoninus Pius -- Lucius Verus -- Marcus Aurelius -- Commodus -- All Emperors -- East-west Comparison -- Geographical Distribution (distribution Maps) (figs. G 1-16) -- Augustus -- Tiberius -- Caligula -- Claudius -- Nero -- Vespasian -- Titus -- Domitian -- Nerva -- Trajan -- Hadrian -- Antoninus Pius Lucius Verus -- Marcus Aurelius -- Commodus -- All Emperors. Jakob Munk Højte. Based On The Author's Thesis (ph. D. -- University Of Aarhus, 2001) Includes Bibliographical References. This volume includes a catalogue of 2,300 known statue bases from nearly 800 sites throughout the Roman Empire. Moreover, since it covers a period of 250 years, it allows for the first time consistent geographic, chronological and commemorative patterns to emerge