Roman Frontier Studies 2009: Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (Limes Congress) held at Newcastle upon Tyne in August 2009 (Archaeopress Roman Archaeology)

The XXI International Congress of Roman Frontier studies was hosted by Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums in Newcastle upon Tyne (Great Britain) in 2009, 60 years after the first Limeskongress organised in that city by Eric Birley in 1949. Sixty years on, delegates could reflect on how the Congress has grown and changed over six decades and could be heartened at the presence of so many young scholars and a variety of topics and avenues of research into the army and frontiers of the Roman empire that would not have been considered in 1949. Papers are organised into the same thematic sessions as in the actual conference: Women and Families in the Roman Army; Roman Roads; The Roman Frontier in Wales; The Eastern and North African Frontiers; Smaller Structures: towers and fortlets; Recognising Differences in Lifestyles through Material Culture; Barbaricum; Britain; Roman Frontiers in a Globalised World; Civil Settlements; Death and Commemoration; Danubian and Balkan Provinces; Camps; Logistics and Supply; The Germanies and Augustan and Tiberian Germany; Spain; Frontier Fleets. This wide-ranging collection of papers enriches the study of Roman frontiers in all their aspects. Table of Contents Foreword (David J Breeze) Introduction by the Editors Women and Families in the Roman Army (Session organisers: Carol van Driel-Murray, Martina Meyr, Colin Wells): Women, the Military and patria potestas in Roman Britain (Lindsay Allason-Jones) Beyond von Petrikovits – artefact distribution and socio-spatial practices in the Roman military (Penelope Allison) Some thoughts about the archaeological legacy of soldiers’ families in the countryside of the civitas Batavorum (Harry van Enckevort) The Families of Roman Auxiliary Soldiers in the Military Diplomas (Elizabeth M. Greene) British families in the Roman army: living on the fringes of the Roman world (Tatiana Ivleva) Women and Children in Military Inscriptions from northern Germania Superior (Michael J. Klein) The Empress and her Relationship to the Roman Army (Kai M. Töpfer) Women and children at the Saxon Shore fort of Oudenburg (Belgium) (S. Vanhoutte and A. Verbrugge) Roman Roads: Decem Pagi at the end of antiquity and the fate of the Roman road system in eastern Gaul (Joachim Henning, Michael McCormick and Thomas Fischer) The planning of Roman Dere Street, Hadrian’s Wall, and the Antonine Wall in Scotland (John Poulter) Some notes on the development of the military road network of the Roman Empire (Zsolt Visy) The Roman Frontier in Wales (Session organisers: Barry Burnham, Jeffrey Davies): Rewriting The Roman Frontier in Wales: an introduction (Barry C. Burnham and Jeffrey L. Davies) Recent work on the site of the legionary fortress at Caerleon (Peter Guest and Tim Young) Roman Roads in Wales (R. J. Silvester) The Cadw-grant-aided ‘Roman Fort Environs Project’ – the contribution of geophysics (David Hopewell) Roman Frontiers in Wales: 40 years on (Jeffrey L. Davies) The military ‘vici’ of Wales – progress since Jarrett 1969 (Barry C. Burnham) The Eastern and North African Frontiers (Session organisers: James Crow, Eberhard Sauer): Transformation patterns of Roman Forts in the Limes Arabicus from Severan to Tetrarchic and Justinianic periods (Ignacio Arce) Recent Research on the Anastasian Wall in Thrace and late antique linear barriers around the Black Sea (James Crow) New Research on the Roman Frontier in Arabia (S. Thomas Parker) The Archaeology of Sasanian Frontier Troops: Recent Fieldwork on Frontier Walls in Northern Iran (Hamid Omrani Rekavandi, Eberhard Sauer, Tony Wilkinson and Jebrael Nokandeh) Soldiers or Tribesmen: who guarded the frontiers of late Roman Africa? (Alan Rushworth) Roman-Armenian Borders, Part I: The Upper Euphrates Frontier (Everett L. Wheeler) Smaller Structures: towers and fortlets (Session organisers: Bill Hanson, Matt Symonds) Bauliche und funktionale Gliederung des Obergermanisch-Raetischen Limes anhand der Turmgrundrisse (Thomas Becker) A Roman road station on the Pannonian limes (Szilvia Bíró) River frontiers or fortified corridors? (Erik Graafstaliii) A Battle of Wills: Manoeuvre Warfare and the Roman defence of the North Yorkshire Coast in the late C4th (A McCluskey) The Castelinho dos Mouros (Alcoutim) and the ‘casas fuertes’ of southern Portugal (Thomas Schierl, Felix Teichner, Gerald Grabherr, Alexandra Gradim) Smaller structures on Hadrian’s coastal frontier (Matthew F. A. Symonds) Roman Towers (David Woolliscroft) Recognising Differences in Lifestyles through Material Culture (Session organisers: Stefanie Hoss, Sonja Jilek, Eckhard Deschler-Erb): La céramique « militaire » dans le Nord de la Gaule de la Conquête au début du IIe siècle après J.-C.: Faciès et particularités (Cyrille Chaidron, Raphaël Clotuche et Sonja Willems) Auxiliaries and their forts: expression of identity? (Julia Chorus) Military versus civilian and legionary versus auxiliary: the case of Germania Inferior (Stefanie Hoss) Die zivile Nutzung militärischen Baumaterials – Kontexte und Interpretation (Thomas Schmidts) Barbaricum (Session organiser: Thomas Grane): Barbaricum: an introduction to the session (Thomas Grane) An imported bronze casket from the Przeworsk culture cemetery in Lachmirowice, distr. Inowrocław (Katarzyna Czarnecka) Multifunctional coins – a study of Roman coins from the Zealandic isles in eastern Denmark (Mads Drevs Dyhrfjeld–Johnsen) Medical instruments, tools and excavation locations – ‘The reason why...’ (Annette Frölich) Patterns in Cross-frontier Relations (Marjan C. Galestin) Bemerkungen zu den Formen des Zustroms der Importgüter in das germanische Siedlungsmilieu während der Römischen Kaiserzeit im mittleren Donauraum (Balázs Komoróczyiv) Römische Bronzegefäßgarnituren Römischer und germanischer Fundkontext im Vergleich und deren jeweilige Aussage: Wo, wann, wie, warum, wer, für was? Südskandinavien und die römischen Provinzen (Ulla Lund Hansen) The C3rd AD Romano-Germanic Battlefield at Harzhorn near Kalefeld, Landkreis Northeim (Michael Meyer, Felix Bittmann, Michael Geschwinde, Henning Haßmann, Petra Lönne and Günther Moosbauer) Hacksilber inside and outside the late Roman world: a view from Traprain Law (Kenneth Painter and Fraser Hunter) Why are the South Scandinavian weapon deposits relevant for limes research? An update of research progress (Xenia Pauli Jensen) Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum – Rückblick und Ausblick (Hans-Ulrich Voss und Claus-Michael Hüssen) Britain: Hadrian’s Wall and the Mommsen thesis (David J Breeze) Continuing the search for an ‘Antonine Gap’ on Hadrian’s Wall (R. J. Brickstock) A late Roman military command in Britain reinstated (Roger White) A new Roman fort at Staxton in the Vale of Pickering, Yorkshire, England (Pete Wilson) Roman Frontiers in a Globalised World (Session organisers: Richard Hingley, Divya Tolia-Kelly, Rob Witcher): Does History repeat itself?- The Roman Frontiers from the viewpoint of a European Archaeologist of today (Eduard Nemeth) The attraction of opposites: Owen Lattimore and studies of the Inner Asian frontiers of China (Naomi Standen) Changing Presents Interpret the Past, AD 1500-2010: The Frontier on the Limes and the Upper Danube (Peter S. Wells) Civil Settlements (Session organisers: Edward Dabrowa, Pete Wilson): Military Colonization in the Near East and Mesopotamia under the Severi (Edward Dąbrowav) The Canabae Legionis of Carnuntum: Modelling a Roman Urban Landscape from systematic, non-destructive Prospection and Excavation (Christian Gugl, Michael Doneus and Nives Doneus) Neues vom Vicus der Saalburg (Cecilia Moneta) Viminacium – Roman City and Legionary Camp: Topography, Evolution and Urbanism (Nemanja Mrdić and Bebina Milovanović) The Veterans’ Colony Aequum, the Legionary Fortress Tilurium and the Sinj Field.Re-examining Old Problems (Mirjana Sanader) Death and Commemoration (Session organiser: Maureen Carroll) Some aspects of death, ritual and commemoration in the Lower Rhineland (Germany) (Clive Bridger) Dress, self and identity in Roman funerary commemoration on the Rhine and Danube frontiers (Maureen Carroll) The Funerary Commemoration of Veterans and Soldiers at the Colony of Augusta Emerita (Mérida, Spain), 25 BC – AD 235 (Jonathan Edmondson) The Roman Cemetery at Pottenbrunn.Structural Analysis of a rural necropolis (Eva Hoelbling) The Roman cemetery at Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge, Lower Austria: The late antique inhumations as an information source of the population of the C4th and C5th (René Ployer) Ein neue Grabinschrift für einen Soldaten der legio VI Victrix in Novaesium/Neuss (Marcus Reuter) The Decoration of some Early Imperial Tombs of Primi Pili (Kai M. Töpfer) Danubian and Balkan Provinces: Stories and Facts about the Function of Dacia’s South-eastern Frontier: Forty Years of Research (I. Bogdan Cătăniciu) Maximinus Thrax in Novae (Piotr Dyczek and Jerzy Kolendo) A contribution to the study of the Roman Limes in the Croatian Danube region (Mato Ilkić and Daška Osonjački) Overlapping Phases in the defensive systems of the Roman forts and the archaeological experience: the case of Roman Dacia (Dan Isacvi) Detail eines römischen Kellers aus dem Vicus von Aquincum – Víziváros (Budapest) (Katalin H. Kérdő) Vindobona fortress – barracks, fabrica and intervallum (Martin Mosser) The Late Roman Principia in Tarsatica, part of Claustra Alpium Iuliarum (Josip Višnjić and Luka Bekić) Romuliana – Gamzigrad in der Provinz Dacia ripensis.Kaiserpalast und Militärstation (Gerda von Bülow) The Army in the Hinterland – a case study of Pons Aeni/Pfaffenhofen (Meike B Weber) The Scythian Section of Notitia Dignitatum: A Structural and Chronological Analysis (Mihail Zahariade) Camps (Session organiser: Rebecca Jones): What is a Roman Camp? (Rebecca H. Jones) The Marching Camp at Deer’s Den, Aberdeenshire: a précis of the excavations (Murray Cook) Römische Feldlager aus der Zeit der Markomannenkriege in der Slowakei (Ján Rajtár und Claus-Michael Hüssen) GIS application in Roman military invasion survey within barbarian territories during the Marcomannic wars – introduction into problems and perspectives (Balázs Komoróczy and Marek Vlach) The Roman Republican Battlefield at Pedrosillo (Casas de Reina, Badajoz, Spain): New Research (2007) (Ángel Morillo, Germán Rodríguez Martín and Esperanza Martín Hernández) Remains of the Roman baggage train at the battlefield of Kalkriese (Achim Rost) The function of temporary camps along Hadrian’s Wall (Humphrey Welfare) The battlefield of Kalkriese: The rampart at the site ‘Oberesch’ during and after the battle (Susanne Wilbers-Rost) Logistics and Supply (Session organisers: Bill Hanson, Valerie Maxfield): Voorburg-Arentsburg: a Roman harbour with a British connection in the hinterland of the Limes (Mark Driessenvii) The grain supply for the Roman army in Hispania during the Republican period (Javier Salido Domínguez) Die römischen Steinbruchinschriften des Brohltals (Markus Scholz - unter Mitarbeit von Holger Schaaff) A sustainable frontier? Timber supply for the Roman army in the Lower-Rhine delta, AD 40-150 (Pauline van Rijn) The Germanies and Augustan and Tiberian Germany (Session organiser: Sebastian Sommer) Lahnau – Waldgirmes.Die Ausgrabungen 2007 – 2009 (Armin Becker) Neue Luftbilder zu den Militärlagern und den canabae legionum von Vetera castra I (Xanten) (Norbert Hanel und Baoquan Song) The Augustan legionary camp on the Hunerberg in Nijmegen (NL) revised.New information and re-interpretation of old data of the defence system (Elly N. A. Heirbaut) New thoughts on the so-called temple of Mars in the legionary camp of Vindonissa (Andrew Lawrence) Iupiter im Brunnen – Neues zur siedlungsgeschichtlichen Entwicklung im Nordvicus von Heidelberg (Petra Mayer-Reppert) The Roman military presence in the Rhine delta in the pre-Flavian period (Marinus Polak) Quarries on the Raetian Limes, the height and construction of the wall (C. Sebastian Sommer) Spain: The Roman fort in El Real (Campo de Criptana, Ciudad Real, Spain) (Antxoka Martínez Velasco) The Cantabrian Wars (26-25 BC campaigns): contesting old interpretations (Ángel Morillo) Frontier Fleets (Session organisers: Boris Rankov, Jorit Wintjes) Antiqua ... Arte Cilix (Lucan., Phars.4.449) (Siniša Bilić-Dujmušić) Ultro Citroque Discurrere – Operational Patterns and Tactics of Late Roman Frontier Fleets on Rivers (Florian Himmlerviii) Project Exploratio Danubiae – New Insights into Troop Transport on the River Danube in the Late Roman Period (Heinrich Konen) The Frontier Fleets: What Were They and What Did They Do? (Boris Rankov) The Northern Fleets in the Principate (Christoph Rummel) Did the Romans have a fleet on the Red Sea? (Denis B. Saddington) The Ghost Fleet of Seleucia Pieria (Jorit Wintjes) Miscellaneous Contributions: Wells and Ritual Deposition at the Newstead Roman Military Complex (Simon Clarke) A Cost-Control Model for Imperial Frontiers? (Raphael M. J. Isserlin) Der Soldat und die Götter – wie privat war Religion? (Nina Willburger) The XXI International Congress of Roman Frontier studies was hosted by Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums in Newcastle upon Tyne (Great Britain) in 2009, 60 years after the first Limeskongress organised in that city by Eric Birley in 1949. Sixty years on, delegates could reflect on how the Congress has grown and changed over six decades and could be heartened at the presence of so many young scholars and a variety of topics and avenues of research into the army and frontiers of the Roman empire that would not have been considered in 1949. Papers are organised into the same thematic sessions as in the actual conference: Women and Families in the Roman Army; Roman Roads; The Roman Frontier in Wales; The Eastern and North African Frontiers; Smaller Structures: towers and fortlets; Recognising Differences in Lifestyles through Material Culture; Barbaricum; Britain; Roman Frontiers in a Globalised World; Civil Settlements; Death and Commemoration; Danubian and Balkan Provinces; Camps; Logistics and Supply; The Germanies and Augustan and Tiberian Germany; Spain; Frontier Fleets. This wide-ranging collection of papers enriches the study of Roman frontiers in all their aspects. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright Page 4 Contents 5 Foreword 13 Introduction 15 A Record of the Congress 16 Acknowledgements 19 Attendees 20 Women and Families in the Roman Army 27 Session organisers: Carol van Driel-Murray, Martina Meyr, Colin Wells 27 Women, the military and patria potestas in Roman Britain 29 Lindsay Allason-Jones 29 Beyond von Petrikovits – artefact distribution 35 and socio-spatial practices in the Roman military 35 Penelope Allison 35 Some thoughts about the archaeological legacy of soldiers’ families 42 in the countryside of the civitas Batavorum 42 Harry van Enckevort 42 The families of Roman auxiliary soldiers in the military diplomas 49 Elizabeth M. Greene 49 British families in the Roman army: 52 living on the fringes of the Roman world 52 Tatiana Ivleva 52 Women and children in military inscriptions from northern Germania Superior 60 Michael J. Klein 60 The empress and her relationship to the Roman army 68 Kai M. Töpfer 68 Women and children at the Saxon Shore fort of Oudenburg (Belgium) 74 S. Vanhoutte and A. Verbrugge 74 Roman Roads 79 Decem Pagi at the end of antiquity 81 and the fate of the Roman road system in eastern Gaul 81 Joachim Henning, Michael McCormick and Thomas Fischer 81 The planning of Roman Dere Street, Hadrian’s Wall, and the Antonine Wall in Scotland 88 John Poulter 88 Some notes on the development of the military road network of the Roman Empire 95 Zsolt Visy 95 The Roman Frontier in Wales 105 Session organisers: Barry Burnham, Jeffrey Davies 105 Rewriting The Roman Frontier in Wales: an introduction 107 Barry C. Burnham and Jeffrey L. Davies 107 Recent work on the site of the legionary fortress at Caerleon 111 Peter Guest and Tim Young 111 Roman roads in Wales 119 R. J. Silvester 119 The Cadw-grant-aided ‘Roman Fort Environs Project’ – 125 the contribution of geophysics 125 David Hopewell 125 Roman frontiers in Wales: 40 years on 130 Jeffrey L. Davies 130 The military ‘vici’ of Wales – progress since Jarrett 1969 137 Barry C. Burnham 137 The Eastern and North African Frontiers 145 Session organisers: James Crow, Eberhard Sauer 145 Transformation patterns of Roman Forts in the Limes Arabicus 147 from Severan to Tetrarchic and Justinianic periods 147 Ignacio Arce 147 Recent research on the Anastasian Wall in Thrace 157 and late antique linear barriers around the Black Sea 157 James Crow 157 New research on the Roman frontier in Arabia 165 S. Thomas Parker 165 The archaeology of Sasanian frontier troops: 171 recent fieldwork on frontier walls in Northern Iran 171 Hamid Omrani Rekavandi et al. 171 Hamid Omrani Rekavandi, Eberhard Sauer, Tony Wilkinson and Jebrael Nokandeh 171 Soldiers or tribesmen: who guarded the frontiers of late Roman Africa? 177 Alan Rushworth 177 Roman-Armenian borders, part I: the Upper Euphrates frontier 186 Everett L. Wheeler 186 Smaller Structures: Towers and Fortlets 195 Session organisers: Bill Hanson, Matt Symonds 195 Bauliche und funktionale Gliederung des Obergermanisch-Raetischen Limes anhand der Turmgrundrisse 197 Thomas Becker 197 Bauliche und funktionale Gliederung des Obergermanisch-Raetischen Limes 197 A Roman road station on the Pannonian limes 206 Szilvia Bíró 206 River frontiers or fortified corridors? 212 Erik Graafstal 212 A battle of wills: manoeuvre warfare and the Roman defence 220 of the North Yorkshire coast in the late C4th 220 Alistair McCluskey 220 The Castelinho dos Mouros (Alcoutim) 226 and the ‘casas fuertes’ of southern Portugal 226 Thomas Schierl et al. 226 Thomas Schierl, Felix Teichner, Gerald Grabherr, Alexandra Gradim 226 Smaller structures on Hadrian’s coastal frontier 233 Matthew F. A. Symonds 233 Roman towers 239 David Woolliscroft 239 Recognising Differences in Lifestyles through Material Culture 245 Session organisers: Stefanie Hoss, Sonja Jilek, Eckhard Deschler-Erb 245 La céramique « militaire » dans le Nord de la Gaule 247 de la Conquête au début du IIe siècle après J.-C.: Faciès et particularités 247 Cyrille Chaidron, Raphaël Clotuche et Sonja Willems 247 Auxiliaries and their forts: expression of identity? 255 Julia Chorus 255 Military versus civilian and legionary versus auxiliary: 262 the case of Germania Inferior 262 Stefanie Hoss 262 Die zivile Nutzung militärischen Baumaterials – 267 Kontexte und Interpretation 267 Thomas Schmidts 267 Barbaricum 275 Session organiser: Thomas Grane 275 Barbaricum: an introduction to the session 277 Thomas Grane 277 An imported bronze casket from the Przeworsk culture cemetery 286 in Lachmirowice, distr. Inowrocław 286 Katarzyna Czarnecka 286 Multifunctional coins – a study of Roman coins 293 from the Zealandic isles in eastern Denmark 293 Mads Drevs Dyhrfjeld–Johnsen 293 Medical instruments, tools and excavation locations – ‘The reason why...’ 299 Annette Frölich 299 Patterns in cross-frontier relations 304 Marjan C. Galestin 304 Bemerkungen zu den Formen des Zustroms der Importgüter 310 in das germanische Siedlungsmilieu während der Römischen Kaiserzeit im mittleren Donauraum 310 Balázs Komoróczy 310 Römische Bronzegefäßgarnituren 318 Römischer und germanischer Fundkontext im Vergleich und deren jeweilige Aussage: Wo, wann, wie, warum, wer, für was? Südskandinavien und die römischen Provinzen 318 Ulla Lund Hansen 318 The C3rd AD Romano-Germanic battlefield at Harzhorn 324 near Kalefeld, Landkreis Northeim 324 Michael Meyer et al. 324 Michael Meyer, Felix Bittmann, Michael Geschwinde, Henning Haßmann, Petra Lönne and Günther Moosbauer 324 Hacksilber inside and outside the late Roman world: 330 a view from Traprain Law 330 Kenneth Painter and Fraser Hunter 330 Why are the South Scandinavian weapon deposits relevant for limes research? 337 An update of research progress 337 Xenia Pauli Jensen 337 Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum – 344 Rückblick und Ausblick 344 Hans-Ulrich Voss und Claus-Michael Hüssen 344 Britain 353 Hadrian’s Wall and the Mommsen thesis 355 David J. Breeze 355 Continuing the search for an ‘Antonine gap’ on Hadrian’s Wall 357 R. J. Brickstock 357 A late Roman military command in Britain reinstated 362 Roger White 362 A new Roman fort at Staxton in the Vale of Pickering, Yorkshire, England 368 Pete Wilson 368 Roman Frontiers in a Globalised World 373 Session organisers: Richard Hingley, Divya Tolia-Kelly, Rob Witcher 373 Does history repeat itself? 375 The Roman frontiers from the viewpoint of a European archaeologist of today 375 Eduard Nemeth 375 The attraction of opposites: 383 Owen Lattimore and studies of the Inner Asian frontiers of China 383 Naomi Standen 383 Changing presents interpret the past, AD 1500-2010: 391 the frontier on the Limes and the upper Danube 391 Peter S. Wells 391 Civil Settlements 397 Session organisers: Edward Dąbrowa, Pete Wilson 397 Military colonization in the Near East and Mesopotamia under the Severi 399 Edward Dąbrowa 399 The Canabae Legionis of Carnuntum: 405 modelling a Roman urban landscape from systematic, non-destructive prospection and excavation 405 Christian Gugl, Michael Doneus and Nives Doneus 405 Neues vom Vicus der Saalburg 412 Cecilia Moneta 412 Viminacium – Roman city and legionary camp: 419 topography, evolution and urbanism 419 Nemanja Mrđić and Bebina Milovanović 419 The veterans’ colony Aequum, the legionary fortress Tilurium 427 and the Sinj field. Re-examining old problems 427 Mirjana Sanader 427 Death and Commemoration 433 Session organiser: Maureen Carroll 433 Some aspects of death, ritual and commemoration in the Lower Rhineland (Germany) 435 Clive Bridger 435 Dress, self and identity in Roman funerary commemoration 441 on the Rhine and Danube frontiers 441 Maureen Carroll 441 The Funerary commemoration of veterans and soldiers 447 at the colony of Augusta Emerita (Mérida, Spain), 25 BC – AD 235 447 Jonathan Edmondson 447 The Roman cemetery at Pottenbrunn. Structural analysis of a rural necropolis 456 Eva Hoelbling 456 The Roman cemetery at Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge, 461 Lower Austria: The late antique inhumations as an information source of the population of the C4th and C5th 461 René Ployer 461 Ein neue Grabinschrift für einen Soldaten der legio VI Victrix in Novaesium/Neuss 468 Marcus Reuter 468 The Decoration of some Early Imperial Tombs of Primi Pili 473 Kai M. Töpfer 473 Danubian and Balkan Provinces 479 Stories and facts about the function of Dacia’s south-eastern frontier: 481 forty years of research 481 I. Bogdan Cătăniciu 481 Maximinus Thrax in Novae 487 Piotr Dyczek and Jerzy Kolendo 487 A contribution to the study of the Roman Limes 492 in the Croatian Danube region 492 Mato Ilkić and Daška Osonjački 492 Overlapping phases in the defensive systems of the Roman forts 496 and the archaeological experience: the case of Roman Dacia 496 Dan Isac 496 Detail eines römischen Kellers aus dem Vicus von Aquincum – Víziváros (Budapest) 504 Katalin H. Kérdő 504 Vindobona fortress – barracks, fabrica and intervallum 509 Martin Mosser 509 The Late Roman Principia in Tarsatica, part of Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 514 Josip Višnjić and Luka Bekić 514 Romuliana – Gamzigrad in der Provinz Dacia ripensis. 521 Kaiserpalast und Militärstation 521 Gerda von Bülow 521 The Army in the Hinterland – a case study of Pons Aeni/Pfaffenhofen 528 Meike B Weber 528 The Scythian section of Notitia Dignitatum: 535 a structural and chronological analysis 535 Mihail Zahariade 535 Camps 545 Session organiser: Rebecca Jones 545 What is a Roman camp? 547 Rebecca H. Jones 547 The marching camp at Deer’s Den, Aberdeenshire: 557 a précis of the excavations 557 Murray Cook 557 Römische Feldlager aus der Zeit der Markomannenkriege 563 in der Slowakei 563 Ján Rajtár und Claus-Michael Hüssen 563 GIS application in Roman military invasion survey 571 within barbarian territories during the Marcomannic wars – introduction into problems and perspectives 571 Balázs Komoróczy and Marek Vlach 571 The Roman Republican battlefield at Pedrosillo 578 (Casas de Reina, Badajoz, Spain): new research (2007) 578 Ángel Morillo et al. 578 Ángel Morillo, Germán Rodríguez Martín and Esperanza Martín Hernández 578 Remains of the Roman baggage train at the battlefield of Kalkriese 585 Achim Rost 585 The function of temporary camps along Hadrian’s Wall 591 Humphrey Welfare 591 The battlefield of Kalkriese: 597 The rampart at the site ‘Oberesch’ during and after the battle 597 Susanne Wilbers-Rost 597 Logistics and Supply 603 Session organisers: Bill Hanson, Valerie Maxfield 603 Voorburg-Arentsburg: a Roman harbour 605 with a British connection in the hinterland of the Limes 605 Mark Driessen 605 The grain supply for the Roman army in Hispania during the Republican period 612 Javier Salido Domínguez 612 Die römischen Steinbruchinschriften des Brohltals 619 Markus Scholz 619 (unter Mitarbeit von Holger Schaaff) 619 A sustainable frontier? Timber supply for the Roman army 629 in the Lower-Rhine delta, AD 40-150 629 Pauline van Rijn 629 The Germanies and Augustan and Tiberian Germany 635 Session organiser: C. Sebastian Sommer 635 Lahnau – Waldgirmes. Die Ausgrabungen 2007 – 2009 637 Armin Becker 637 Neue Luftbilder zu den Militärlagern 642 und den canabae legionum von Vetera castra I (Xanten) 642 Norbert Hanel und Baoquan Song 642 The Augustan legionary camp on the Hunerberg in Nijmegen (NL) revised 645 New information and re-interpretation of old data of the defence system 645 Elly N. A. Heirbaut 645 New thoughts on the so-called temple of Mars in the legionary camp of Vindonissa 651 Andrew Lawrence 651 Iupiter im Brunnen – 657 Neues zur siedlungsgeschichtlichen Entwicklung im Nordvicus von Heidelberg 657 Petra Mayer-Reppert 657 The Roman military presence in the Rhine delta in the pre-Flavian period 662 Marinus Polak 662 Quarries on the Raetian Limes, 668 the height and construction of the wall 668 C. Sebastian Sommer 668 Spain 677 The Roman fort in El Real (Campo de Criptana, Ciudad Real, Spain) 679 Antxoka Martínez Velasco 679 The Cantabrian Wars (26-25 BC campaigns): contesting old interpretations 685 Ángel Morillo 685 Frontier Fleets 693 Session organisers: Boris Rankov, Jorit Wintjes 693 Antiqua ... Arte Cilix (Lucan., Phars. 4. 449) 695 Siniša Bilić-Dujmušić 695 Ultro Citroque Discurrere – operational patterns and tactics 700 of Late Roman frontier fleets on rivers 700 Florian Himmler 700 Project Exploratio Danubiae – new insights into troop transport 705 on the river Danube in the Late Roman Period 705 Heinrich Konen 705 The frontier fleets: what were they and what did they do? 713 Boris Rankov 713 The northern fleets in the Principate 717 Christoph Rummel 717 Did the Romans have a fleet on the Red Sea? 722 Denis B. Saddington 722 The ghost fleet of Seleucia Pieria 725 Jorit Wintjes 725 Miscellaneous Contributions 729 Wells and ritual deposition at the Newstead roman military complex 731 Simon Clarke 731 A cost-control model for Imperial frontiers? 737 Raphael M. J. Isserlin 737 Der Soldat und die Götter – wie privat war Religion? 745 Nina Willburger 745 OLE_LINK3 289 OLE_LINK4 289 OLE_LINK1 290 OLE_LINK2 290 OLE_LINK1 302 OLE_LINK1 337 OLE_LINK2 337 OLE_LINK3 338 OLE_LINK4 338 OLE_LINK1 348 _GoBack 369 OLE_LINK1 650 OLE_LINK2 650 246 663 247 663 248 663 249 663 _Ref185301588 665 OLE_LINK1 666 _ftnref1 679 _ftnref2 679 _ftnref3 679 OLE_LINK6 682 OLE_LINK5 682 _ftnref5 683 _ftnref6 683 _ftnref8 684 OLE_LINK5 704 OLE_LINK6 704 _GoBack 719 OLE_LINK4 745 _Ref253732067 746 OLE_LINK1 746 OLE_LINK8 748 OLE_LINK3 749 OLE_LINK5 749 OLE_LINK2 750 OLE_LINK7 750 OLE_LINK6 747 Limes;,Roman,Limes;,Roman,Frontier Limes,Roman Limes,Roman Frontier