Roman and Late Antique Wine Production in the Eastern Mediterranean : A Comparative Archaeological Study at Antiochia Ad Cragum (Turkey) and Delos (Greece)

Roman and Late Antique Wine Production in the Eastern Mediterranean is devoted to the viticulture of two settlements, Antiochia ad Cragum and Delos, using results stemming from surface survey and excavation to assess their potential integration within the now well-known agricultural boom of the 5th-7th centuries AD. Interdisciplinary and ethnographic data supplements the main archaeological catalogue and provides a rounded understanding of production and use. The publication of an excavated vinicultural vat in Rough Cilicia for the first time, along with the first complete discussion of the viticultural industry on Delos in Late Antiquity, underscores the significance of this book. The combined catalogue, analysis and discussion reinforce the noteworthy position viticulture held in Late Antiquity as an agricultural endeavour, sociocultural and economic factor engrained within eastern Mediterranean settlements. Table of Contents Part 1: Prolegomenon ; Chapter 1: Wine Production in Antiquity ; 1.1 General Introduction ; 1.2 An Ethnographic Approach ; 1.3 A Summary of the History of Research ; 1.4 A Summary of the Ancient Literature ; Part 2: Antiochia ad Cragum ; Chapter 2: Introduction and Dataset ; 2.1 Introduction and Regional Context ; 2.2 Viticulture at Antiochia ad Cragum ; 2.3 Dataset ; Chapter 3: Analyses and Discussion ; 3.1 Wine or Oil Production? ; 3.2 Dating the Press and Production ; 3.3 Production at the Antiochia ad Cragum Press ; 3.4 Fermentation Processes ; 3.5 Types of Wine Produced – Passum? ; 3.6 Quantified Production ; 3.7 Religion and Wine at Antiochia ad Cragum ; 3.8 Conclusions ; Part 3: Delos ; Chapter 4: Introduction and Dataset ; 4.1 Introduction and Historical Context ; 4.2 Viticulture on Delos ; 4.3 The Agora of the Italians Press (I.1 ) ; 4.4 The Rue 5 ‘Large’ Press (I.2) ; 4.5 The House of Cleopatra Press (I.3) ; 4.6 Two Smaller Presses (I.4 and I.5) ; 4.7 The Theatre Press (I.6) ; Chapter 5: Analysis and Discussion ; 5.1 Wine or Oil Production? ; 5.2 Dating the Delian Installations ; 5.3 The Viticultural Process ; 5.4 Quantified Production on Delos ; 5.5 Viticulture Within Paleochristian Delos ; 5.6 Conclusions ; Part 4: Comparative Analyses ; Chapter 6: A Comparative Approach ; 6.1 Introduction ; 6.2 Discussion ; Epilogue ; Bibliography ; Part 5: Appendices ; Appendix A: Annual Viticultural Process of the Geoponika ; Appendix B: Treading Floor Capacities and Workforce ; Appendix C: Delos Survey Maps ; Part 6: Plates ; Roman and Late Antique Wine Production in the Eastern Mediterranean is devoted to the viticulture of two settlements, Antiochia ad Cragum and Delos, using results stemming from surface survey and excavation to assess their potential integration within the now well-known agricultural boom of the 5th-7th centuries AD. Interdisciplinary and ethnographic data supplements the main archaeological catalogue and provides a rounded understanding of production and use. The publication of an excavated vinicultural vat in Rough Cilicia for the first time, along with the first complete discussion of the viticultural industry on Delos in Late Antiquity, underscores the significance of this book. The combined catalogue, analysis and discussion reinforce the noteworthy position viticulture held in Late Antiquity as an agricultural endeavour, socio-cultural and economic factor engrained within eastern Mediterranean settlements. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright page 4 Dedication 5 Contents Page 7 Back cover 222 Contents 7 Acknowledgements 11 Abbreviations 12 Definition of Terminology 14 Part 1 Prolegomenon 15 Chapter 1: Wine Production in Antiquity 17 Part 2 Antiochia ad Cragum 37 Figure 1: The geographical areas of Cilicia 38 Chapter 2: Introduction and Dataset 39 Figure 2: Aerial view of Antiochia ad Cragum (facing NW) 42 Figure 3: Temperature fluctuation over the past 2000 years 45 Figure 4: Antiochia ad Cragum site plan 2014 46 Figure 5: Plan of NE Imperial temple and wine press 47 Figure 6: Antiochia ad Cragum wine press 48 Figure 7: Shadow cast from NE temple at 08:15, September 30 AD 400 50 Figure 8: Shadow cast from NE temple at 12:00, September 30, AD 400 51 Figure 9: Shadow cast from NE temple at 17:00, September 30, AD 400 51 Figure 10: Aerial view of temple and press installation in shadow (facing SW) 52 Figure 11: Treading floor (facing NE); lower layer of opus signinum visible in the lower left-hand corner 54 Figure 12: Treading floor from temple podium above (facing NW) 54 Figure 13: Treading floor plaster detail 56 Figure 14: Mechanical lever press recess 58 Figure 16: Collection vat (facing NW) 60 Figure 15: Pipe 60 Chapter 3: Analyses and Discussion 61 Part 3 Delos 87 Chapter 4: Introduction and Dataset 89 Figure 17: Agricultural and geological features on Delos 94 Figure 18: Late Antique vinicultural installations on Delos (adapted from Moretti et al. 2015: map 3) 97 Figure 19: Agora of the Italians installation (facing W) 99 Figure 20: Rue 5 ‘large’ installation (facing S) 102 Figure 21: Brun Type 14 counterweight and mechanism 105 Figure 22: House of Cleopatra installation (facing E) 107 Figure 23: Brun type 57 counterweight and mechanism 109 Figure 25: Reused altar, possible press counterweight - Brun type 57 109 Figure 24: Inscribed Christian cross 109 Figure 26: Agora of the Competaliasts installation (facing S) 110 Figure 27: Rue 5 ‘small’ installation (facing NNW) 113 Figure 28: Theatre installation (facing E) 115 Chapter 5: Analysis and Discussion 118 Figure 29: Evidence of terracing on Delos (regions in red) 135 Figure 30: Evidence from Late Antiquity on Delos (post-3rd century AD) (adapted from Moretti et al. 2015: map 3) 138 Part 4 147 Comparative Analyses 147 Chapter 6: A Comparative Approach 149 Epilogue 154 Bibliography 156 Part 5 Appendices 169 Appendix A: Annual Viticultural Process of the Geoponika 171 Appendix B: Treading Floor Capacities and Workforce 172 Appendix C: Delos Survey Maps 173 C.i: Agora of the Italians installation, I.1 173 C.ii: Rue 5 ‘large’ installation, I.2 174 C.iii: House of Cleopatra installation, I.3 175 C.iv: Agora of the Competaliasts installation, I.4 176 C.v: Rue 5 ‘small’ installation, I.5 177 C.vi: Theatre installation, I.6 178 Part 6 Plates 179 Roman history,Late Antiquity,archaeology,Greece,Aegean islands,Delos,Asia Minor,Cilicia,ancient viticulture,wine press,trade,technology,agriculture,Cragum Wine was an ever-present commodity that permeated the Mediterranean throughout antiquity. This book analyses the viticulture of two settlements, Antiochia ad Cragum and Delos, using results stemming from surface survey and excavation to assess their potential integration within the now well-known agricultural boom of the 5th-7th centuries AD.