Role of Microbes in Sustainable Development : Human Health and Diseases

The incredible power of the invisible kingdom of microbes is continuously gaining appreciation for their vital role in health and disease. Recent advances in research revealed that microbes constitute nearly 20% of the total living biomass and hence can benefit mankind in many ways. In other words ‘Microorganisms will give you anything you want if you know how to ask them’. This statement by Kinichiro Sakaguchi rightfully exemplifies the unequivocal contribution of microorganisms in the functioning of virtually every aspect of life on earth. The ubiquitous nature of microbes, their co-evolution, co-diversification, and the function they perform together with humans have laid the foundation for the concept of the human microbiome. Microbiome has become a critical component of the human existence, with a diverse array of roles in human health as well as the development of sustainable ecosystem. While studies on the diversity of human microbes date back to the 1860s when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek studied and compared his oral and faecal microflora, we now know that microbiome is a complex ecosystem consisting of archaea, bacteria, protozoa, viruses and fungi. The composition of microbial communities or microbiome varies not only in different individuals but in different organs of the same individual. Thus, microbiome-based treatment specific to each population may take the conventional line of treatment towards personalized medical intervention. In the last decade, we have witnessed rapid progress in research on various aspects of the human microbiome, particularly the gut microbiome and its influences on and vital role in modulating key markers of health and disease. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors 1: Microbial Diversity and Their Role in Human Health and Diseases 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Main Types of Microorganisms 1.3 Microorganisms in Human Health 1.4 Microbes on Skin 1.5 Microbes in the Nasal Cavity 1.6 Microbes in the Oral Cavity 1.7 Microbes in Human Gut 1.8 Microbes in the Reproductive Tract 1.9 The Microorganisms in the Disease 1.9.1 Infection with Clostridium difficile 1.9.2 Infection with Helicobacter pylori 1.10 Interactions Between Microbes in the Stomach 1.10.1 Bacterial Vaginosis 1.11 Infection with HIV 1.12 Microorganisms and Liver Diseases 1.13 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) 1.14 Alcoholic Liver Diseases 1.14.1 Cirrhosis 1.14.2 Liver Cancer 1.15 Microbiota in Therapeutics of Liver Diseases 1.16 Potential Impact of Microbiota on Liver Injury in COVID-19 Patients 1.16.1 Gastric Cancer 1.16.2 Colorectal Cancer 1.16.3 Oesophageal Cancer 1.17 Incidence of Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma 1.18 Risk Factors for Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma 1.18.1 Socio-Economic Status 1.18.2 Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation 1.18.3 Alcohol Overconsumption 1.18.4 Dietary Factors 1.19 Microorganisms and Metabolic Disorders 1.19.1 Type-2 Diabetes 1.20 Future Perspectives References Part I: Gut Microbes and Perspectives 2: Emerging Microbial Identification Technologies in the Era of OMICS and Genome Editing 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Microbial Identification 2.3 OMICS Interventions 2.4 CRISPR 2.4.1 PCR Clubbed Detection 2.4.2 Fluorescence Clubbed Detection 2.4.3 Colorimetric Assays 2.4.4 Lateral Flow Assays 2.4.5 Electrochemical Biosensors 2.4.6 Nanopore Sensor 2.4.7 Identification and Applications 2.4.8 Addons and Interventions to Enhance the Readability 2.4.9 Cas Integration and Application 2.5 DNA-Based Identification Techniques 2.5.1 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing 2.5.2 Whole Genome Sequencing 2.5.3 Metagenomic Sequencing 2.5.4 Comparative Genomics 2.6 Protein-Based Identification Techniques 2.6.1 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) 2.6.2 SDS-PAGE Gel Electrophoresis 2.6.3 2D Gel Electrophoresis 2.6.4 Proteomic Analysis 2.7 Metabolite-Based Identification Techniques 2.7.1 Metabolomics 2.7.2 Lipidomics 2.7.3 Metabolic Fingerprinting 2.8 Multi-Omics Identification Techniques 2.8.1 Genome-Metabolome Integration 2.8.2 Proteome-Metabolome Integration 2.8.3 Genome-Proteome-Metabolome Integration 2.9 Machine Learning-Based Identification Techniques 2.9.1 Random Forest 2.9.2 Deep Learning 2.9.3 Support Vector Machine 2.9.4 Single-Cell Identification Techniques 2.9.5 Single-Cell Genomics 2.9.6 Single-Cell Proteomics 2.9.7 Single-Cell Metabolomics 2.10 DNA Microarray 2.11 Nanopore-Based Technologies 2.12 Microbial Identification in Clinical Settings 2.12.1 MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry 2.12.2 Next-Generation Sequencing 2.12.3 Microbial Fingerprinting 2.13 Microbial Identification in Environmental Settings (Agriculture) 2.13.1 Metagenomics 2.13.2 Metaproteomics 2.13.3 Metabolomics 2.14 Microbial Identification in Industrial Settings (Food and Beverage Industry) 2.14.1 PCR-Based Methods 2.14.2 Biochemical Tests 2.14.3 Flow Cytometry 2.15 Conclusion References 3: Gut Microbiome: Perspectives and Challenges in Human Health 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biological Factors to Consider While Determining a Healthy Gut Microbiome 3.2.1 Infections 3.2.2 Genetics 3.2.3 Drugs 3.3 Delivery Methods at Birth 3.4 Nourishment of Infant 3.5 Composition of Gut Microbiota 3.6 Manipulation of Gut Microbiota 3.6.1 Probiotics 3.6.2 Prebiotics 3.6.3 Antibiotics 3.6.4 Faecal Microbial Transplant (FMT) 3.7 Technical Challenges in Studying Gut Microbiome and Host Interactions 3.7.1 Metagenomics 3.7.2 Metatranscriptomics 3.7.3 Metabolomics 3.7.4 Metaproteomics 3.8 DNA Sequencing-Based Methodologies 3.9 Imaging Strategies 3.10 Future Perspectives and Utilisations of Gut Microbiome 3.11 Conclusion References 4: Probiotics: A Healthy Treasure 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Probiotic Microorganisms and Their Characteristics 4.3 Mechanism of Action 4.3.1 Production of Antimicrobial Substances 4.3.2 Increased Adhesion to the Intestinal Mucosa 4.3.3 Probiotics and the Immune System 4.4 Health Benefits of Probiotics 4.4.1 Disease Prevention and Treatment 4.5 Role of Probiotics in Healthy Individuals 4.6 Drawbacks References 5: Different Generations of Probiotics: An Effective Way to Restore Gut Homeostasis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Selection Criteria for Probiotics 5.3 Mechanism of Action of Probiotics and Health Benefits 5.3.1 Antimicrobial Activities 5.3.2 Maintaining Barrier Function 5.3.3 Production of SCFA 5.3.4 Modulation of the Immune System 5.4 Postbiotics 5.5 Next-Generation Probiotics 5.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects References 6: Application of Potential Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable Human Health 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Microbiotechnology in Agriculture and Human Sustainability 6.2.1 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Agriculture 6.2.1.1 Importance of PGPR 6.2.1.2 Mechanism of Action 6.2.1.3 Limitations of PGPR 6.2.2 Microbial Biopesticides 6.3 Role of Microbiotechnology in Waste Management and Human Sustainability 6.3.1 Microbiotechnology Against Plastic Waste 6.3.2 Microbial Biotechnology for Industrial Wastewater Treatment 6.3.3 Microbial Biotechnology to Reduce the Textile Industry Based Dyes 6.3.4 Microbial Strategies for Bio-transforming Food Waste into Resources 6.4 Application of Microbiotechnology to Control Pollution 6.4.1 Microbiotechnology Derived Biosensors for Pollution Monitoring 6.4.2 Microbiotechnology for Remediation of Pollutants 6.5 Microbiotechnology in Livestock Management for Better Human Sustainability 6.5.1 Microbes for Improvement of Aquaculture 6.5.2 Probiotics for Livestock Animals: An Industry Level Exploration 6.6 Microbiotechnology in Food Security 6.6.1 Production of Microbial Oils Rich in Omega-3 6.6.1.1 Safety Profile of Omega-3 Fatty Acids 6.6.2 Development of Microbial Protein for Future Sustainability 6.6.2.1 MP as Food 6.6.2.2 Added Value Applications 6.6.2.3 Production of Microbial Protein from Waste Streams 6.6.3 Microbial Fuel Cells for Generation of Electricity 6.6.3.1 Microbial Fuel Cell 6.6.3.1.1 Design 6.6.3.1.1.1 Two-Chamber MFC 6.6.3.1.1.2 Single-Chamber MFC 6.6.3.1.1.3 Stacked MFC 6.6.3.1.2 Applications 6.6.3.1.2.1 Production of Bioelectricity 6.6.3.1.2.2 Bio-hydrogen Production 6.6.3.1.2.3 Wastewater Management 6.6.3.1.2.4 Biosensors 6.7 Conclusion References Part II: Emerging Technologies in Gut Microbiome Research 7: Emerging Technologies and Current Advances in Human Bacteriome Research 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Human Bacteriome Diversity and its Importance 7.3 Modulation of Human Bacteriome 7.4 Technologies for Bacteriome Research 7.5 Conclusion and Future Directions References 8: Emerging Microbial Technologies: Mitigating Challenges to Humans 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Role of Microbes in the Agricultural Industry 8.2.1 Biofertilizers 8.2.2 Biopesticides 8.3 Emerging Technologies in the Environmental Industry 8.3.1 Microbial Fuel Cell 8.3.2 Microbial Concrete 8.3.3 Role of Microbes as Bioremediators 8.3.4 Mitigating Climate Using Microorganisms 8.3.5 Metagenomics 8.4 Role of Microbes in Health Sector 8.4.1 Probiotics 8.4.2 Base Editing 8.4.3 Artificial Microbial Consortia 8.5 Conclusion References 9: Modern Tools of Genome Engineering and Their Applications 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Tools/Methods for Genome Engineering 9.2.1 Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) 9.2.2 Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) 9.2.3 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) 9.3 Applications of Genome Engineering/Editing Methods 9.3.1 In Genetic Engineering of Cell Lines and Animal Models 9.3.2 In Genetic Engineering of Plant Cells 9.3.3 In Genetic Engineering for Insect-Borne Disease 9.3.4 In Genetic Engineering of Industrially Important Microorganisms 9.3.5 In Genetic Engineering for Functional Genomics 9.3.6 In Genetic Engineering for Therapeutics 9.3.7 In Genetic Engineering: Epigenome Editing (Modulating Gene Expression) 9.3.8 Genome Engineering for Transcription Modulator References 10: Emerging Technologies to Investigate the Potential of Gut Microbiota in Human Health 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Gut Microbiome and Human Health 10.3 NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) Technology 10.4 Fundamental Considerations in the Use of NGS 10.5 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing 10.6 Whole-Genome Shotgun (WGS) 10.7 Omics Technology in Gut Microbiota 10.8 Metagenomics 10.9 Metatranscriptomics 10.10 Metaproteomics 10.11 CRISPR 10.12 Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) 10.13 Microfluidic 10.14 Microfluidic Intestine Chip Models 10.15 Mechanically Active Gut Chip Model 10.16 Advanced Culturing Techniques 10.17 Future and Conclusion References 11: Tools and Techniques for Exploring Hidden Microorganisms: A Potential Future of Human Health Diagnosis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Traditional Microbiology 11.3 Problems Associated with Traditional Microbiology 11.4 Molecular Techniques for Analyzing Bacteria for Human Diagnosis 11.4.1 PCR and Derived Approaches 11.4.2 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization 11.4.3 Microarray 11.4.4 Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification 11.5 Advanced Tools and Techniques of Microbiology 11.5.1 Metagenomics 11.5.2 Microbiome-Based Tools 11.5.3 Marker Gene Analysis 11.5.4 Shotgun Metagenomics 11.5.5 Metaproteomics 11.5.6 Metabolomics 11.5.7 Metatranscriptomics 11.6 Development in Next-Generation Sequencing Platforms 11.7 Conclusion and Prospects References 12: CRISPR-Cas Fundamentals and Advancements in Translational Biotechnology 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 History 12.1.2 Mode of Action of CRISPR-Cas System 12.2 Applications 12.2.1 Genome Screening 12.2.2 Cell Therapy 12.2.3 HIV Treatment 12.2.4 Editing of Human Zygotes 12.2.5 Agriculture 12.3 Limitations and Ethical Issues 12.4 Conclusions References Part III: Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Disorders 13: Microbiome and Human Health: From Dysbiosis to Therapeutic Interventions 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Microbiome in Healthy Individuals and Its Impact 13.2.1 Gut Microbial Composition 13.2.2 Brain-Gut-Microbiome (BGM) 13.3 Disease, Dysbiosis, and Microbiome 13.4 Therapeutic Strategies to Restore the Microbiome Balance 13.4.1 Diet and Microbiome 13.4.2 The Role of Probiotics as Therapeutic Agent 13.4.3 Personalized Responses to Dietary Composition 13.4.4 Precision Nutrition in Cancer 13.4.5 Antimicrobial Therapy 13.4.6 Lifestyle Modifications 13.4.7 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 13.4.8 The Challenges in Personalized Dietary Modulation of the Gut Microbiota 13.5 Conclusions References 14: Gut Microbiota and Its Role in Human Metabolic Disorders 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Gut as the Metabolic Activity Center of Human 14.3 Dysbiotic Gut Microbiota: Cause or Consequence of Metabolic Disorders 14.3.1 Malnutrition 14.3.1.1 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 14.3.1.2 Gut Microbiota and Undernutrition 14.3.2 Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) 14.3.3 Gut Microbiota and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) 14.3.4 Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) 14.4 Therapeutic Interventions for Metabolic Disorders 14.4.1 Obesity and Undernutrition 14.4.2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 14.4.3 Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 14.4.4 Cardiovascular Disease 14.5 Conclusion References 15: Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Cardiovascular Health and Hypertension 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 The Gut Microbiota 15.1.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 15.1.3 Generation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids 15.2 Role of the Gut Microbiota in Immune and Inflammatory Responses 15.3 Mechanism Associated with Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Cardiovascular Diseases 15.3.1 Hypertension 15.3.2 Atherosclerosis 15.3.3 Coronary Artery Disease 15.3.4 Myocardial Infarction 15.3.5 Heart Disease 15.3.6 Obesity and Dyslipidaemia 15.3.7 Chronic Kidney Disease 15.3.8 Diabetes Mellitus 15.4 Future Perspective and Conclusion References 16: Role of Microbiome in Reproductive Health: An Expanding Dimension 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Common Reproductive Problems and Their Microbial Association 16.2.1 Bacterial Vaginosis 16.2.2 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) 16.2.3 Endometrial Complications 16.3 Pathophysiology 16.3.1 Microgenderome 16.3.2 Gut-Brain Axis 16.3.3 Prenatal Episodes of Microbiota Exposures 16.3.4 An Indispensable Role of Lactobacilli 16.4 Microbiota in Therapeutics: An Evolving Concept! 16.5 Conclusion References 17: Role of Bacteriocins in Modulation of Microbiome in Human Diseases 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Factors Affecting Human Microbiome 17.3 Bacteriocins 17.4 Bacteriocins from Gram-Positive Bacteria 17.5 Bacteriocins from Gram-Negative Bacteria 17.6 Mode of Action of Bacteriocins 17.7 Bacteriocins in Modulation of Human Microbiome in Different Diseases 17.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 18: Emerging Role of Gut Microbiome in Cancer Immunotherapy 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Cancer Triggering Microbes and Their Cancer-Promoting Mechanisms 18.3 Mechanisms of Microbial Carcinogenesis 18.4 Risk Factors of Specific Cancers 18.4.1 Oral and Gastric Cancer 18.4.1.1 GI Tract Cancer 18.4.2 Hepatic and Pancreatic Cancer 18.4.3 Colorectal Cancer 18.5 Role of Microbiome in Treatment of Cancer and Future Applications 18.5.1 Immunotherapy 18.5.2 Chemotherapy 18.5.3 Radiotherapy 18.5.4 Targeting Microbiome for Therapeutic Modulation of Carcinogenesis References 19: Microbial Secondary Metabolites: Targeting Tumors and Associated Challenges 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Antitumor MSMs: A Bibliometric Analysis 19.3 Tumor-Targeting MSMs: Clinical Trials, Approvals, and Mechanism 19.4 Advances Driving the Utilization of MSMs to Treat Cancer 19.4.1 Exploring the Unexplored 19.4.2 Co-Culturing 19.4.3 ``OMICS ́ ́ Approaches: A Leap Forward in the Search for MSMs 19.5 Conclusion References 20: Bacteria and Bacteria-Based Products in Cancer Therapy: Current Status and Future Advances 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Live-Oncolytic Bacteria in the Cancer Therapy 20.3 Bacterial-Derived Products as Anticancer Agents 20.3.1 Enzymes in the Treatment of Auxotrophic Cancers 20.3.1.1 L-Asparaginase 20.3.1.2 Arginine Deiminase 20.3.1.3 Methioninase 20.3.1.4 Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase 20.3.2 Microbial Enzymes in Prodrug Activation Therapy 20.3.3 Bacterial Toxins as Therapeutic Cancer Modality 20.3.3.1 Shiga Toxin 20.3.3.2 Diphtheria Toxin 20.3.3.3 Staphylococcal Alpha-Toxin 20.3.3.4 Pseudomonas Exotoxin A 20.3.4 Other Anticancer Bacterial Proteins and Peptides 20.3.4.1 Bacteriocins 20.3.4.2 Cyclopeptides 20.3.4.3 Azurin 20.3.5 Secondary Metabolites for Cancer Chemotherapy 20.3.5.1 Non-Ribosomal Peptides 20.3.5.2 Antibiotics 20.4 Challenges Associated with Bacteria-Based Cancer Therapy 20.5 Conclusion and Future Directions References 21: Communication with Gut Microbiota: An Emerging Strategy to Predict and Prevent Cancer 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Microbiome and Cancer 21.3 Complex Bacteria as Cancer Therapy 21.4 The Gut Microbiome: Pro and Anti-Tumourigenic Agent 21.5 Bacterial Biomarkers and Cancer 21.5.1 Colorectal Cancer 21.5.2 Gall Bladder Cancer 21.5.3 Cervical Cancer 21.6 Crosstalk Between Microbiome and Host Immune System 21.7 Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Prevention of Cancer 21.8 Conclusion References 22: Insights in the Cross-Talk Between Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: A Focus on Alzheimer ́s Disease 22.1 Introduction 22.1.1 The Gut-Brain Axis 22.1.2 Alzheimer ́s Disease 22.1.3 GM Dysbiosis and AD 22.2 Potential Therapeutic Strategies 22.2.1 Probiotics 22.2.2 Prebiotics 22.2.3 Prebiotics Formulated with the Probiotics 22.2.4 Diet 22.2.5 Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) 22.3 Conclusions and Future Perspective References Part IV: Association of Phages and Fungi with Gut Microbiome 23: Fungi as a Treasure Trove of Bioactive Compounds for Human Health 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Fungi and Bioactive Compounds 23.3 Biological Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Fungi in Human Health 23.3.1 Antibacterial Agents 23.3.2 Antifungal Agents 23.3.3 Antiviral Agents 23.3.3.1 Biologically Active Compounds of Basidial Fungi and Their Efficacies Against Some Viruses Pathogenic for Humans 23.3.3.1.1 Influenza Virus 23.3.3.1.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus 23.3.3.1.3 Hepatitis Virus 23.3.3.1.4 Herpesvirus 23.3.3.1.5 Poliovirus 23.3.4 Anti-Cancer Agents 23.3.4.1 Irofulven 23.3.4.2 Aphidicolin 23.3.4.3 Anti-Cancer Polyketide Derivative Products 23.3.4.4 Nitrogen-Containing Products 23.3.4.5 Derivatives of Anti-Cancer Terpenoid Products 23.3.4.6 L-Asparaginase 23.3.5 Antioxidant Agents 23.3.6 Antiparasitic Agents 23.3.7 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 23.4 Conclusions References 24: Reminiscing Phages in the Era of Superbugs 24.1 Introduction and History of Bacteriophages 24.2 Structure of Bacteriophage 24.2.1 Development Cycle 24.3 Resurgence of Phage Therapy 24.4 Phages as an Alternative to Antibiotics 24.5 Approaches to Phage Therapy 24.6 Disadvantages of Phage Therapy 24.7 Resistance to Phages 24.8 Regulatory Framework 24.9 Future Prospects References 25: The Potential of Bacteriophages in Treating Covid-19-Associated Secondary Infections 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 25.2.1 Epidemiology 25.2.2 Clinical Feature of COVID-19 25.2.3 COVID-19 Associated with Co/Secondary Bacterial Infections 25.2.4 COVID-19 Pneumonia: Severe Respiratory Illness 25.3 Phage Therapy in Treating Secondary Infections 25.3.1 Phage Therapy and Treatment of Pulmonary Infections 25.3.2 The Application of Bacteriophages for Their Potential Therapeutic Usage to Combat COVID-19 Secondary Infections 25.4 Phage Therapy Safety Parameters 25.5 Current Stance on Phage Therapy 25.6 Conclusion References Part V: Diverse Roles of Microbiome 26: Role of Microbes in Production of Vaccines 26.1 Introduction 26.1.1 Background 26.1.2 History of Vaccine 26.2 Definition 26.2.1 The Concept of Modern Vaccines 26.3 Role of Microbes in Manufacture of Vaccines 26.3.1 Immune Response and Microbes 26.3.2 Steps in the Manufacturing of Vaccines 26.4 Role of Microbes in Vaccine Development 26.5 Classification of Vaccines 26.5.1 Live Attenuated Vaccines 26.5.2 Killed Vaccines 26.5.3 Purified Proteins and Polysaccharides Vaccines 26.5.4 Genetically Modified Vaccines 26.5.5 Viral Vectored Vaccines 26.6 Development of the mRNA Vaccines 26.7 Recent Advances 26.8 Conclusion References 27: Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation Approach Towards Sustainable Development 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Types of Sustainable Materials 27.2.1 Biopolymeric Materials 27.2.2 Bio-Cement/Biomaterials 27.2.3 Biofuels 27.3 Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation as a Coping Approach 27.4 Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation Process 27.4.1 Urea Hydrolysis 27.4.2 Denitrification 27.4.3 Photosynthesis 27.4.4 Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction 27.4.5 Ammonification of Amino Acids 27.5 Market and Sustainable Potential of MICP 27.5.1 Market Potential 27.5.2 Sustainable Potential 27.6 Conclusion References 28: Microbial Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals 28.3 Microbes as a Potential Source for the Production of Nutraceutical Ingredients 28.3.1 Microbes as Producers of Amino Acids 28.3.2 Microbes as the Source of Vitamins 28.3.3 Microbial Production of Polysaccharide 28.3.4 Microbes as producers of Alkaloids 28.4 Probiotic-Based Functional Foods 28.4.1 Health Promoting Properties of Probiotic Functional Foods 28.5 The Mechanisms Through Which Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Exert Health Advantages 28.6 Applications of Microbial Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals 28.7 Future Perspectives 28.8 Conclusion References 29: Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Microbes 29.1 Introduction 29.2 `Green ́ Synthesis of NPs 29.3 Microbe-Mediated Biogenic Synthesis of NPs and Their Applications 29.4 Factors Affecting the Microbial Synthesis of NPs and Optimization Studies 29.5 Bimetallic NPs: A New Dimension of Microbe-Based Nanotechnology 29.6 Conclusion References 30: Microbial Biopharmaceuticals in Urolithiasis Management and Treatment 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Oxalate Decarboxylase: A Novel Therapeutic in Management of Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis 30.3 Oxalate Oxidase 30.4 Probiotic Management of Kidney Stones 30.5 Postbiotics: A Futuristic Therapy for Urolithiasis 30.6 Conclusion References 31: Use of Yeast in the Welfare of Human and Their Applications 31.1 Introduction 31.2 The Nutrition Aspects of Yeast for Human Health 31.3 Applications of Yeast for Human Welfare 31.3.1 Food-Grade Yeast 31.3.2 Probiotic Yeast 31.3.3 Yeast Extract 31.3.4 Pulse-Yeast-Based Formulations for Celiac People 31.3.5 Role of Minerals-Enriched Yeast in Maintaining the Health of Living Organisms 31.3.5.1 The Function of Trace Elements 31.3.5.1.1 Chromium 31.3.5.1.1.1 Chromium Enriched Yeast 31.3.5.1.2 Selenium 31.3.5.1.2.1 Selenium-Enriched Yeast 31.3.5.1.3 Iron 31.3.5.1.3.1 Iron-Enriched Yeast 31.3.5.1.4 Zinc 31.3.5.1.4.1 Zinc-Enriched Yeast 31.4 Industrial Applications of Yeast References 32: Photoautotrophic Microbes with Potential for a Super Health Food on This Planet 32.1 Introduction 32.2 As Source of Food, Nutraceuticals, Pharmaceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals 32.3 Cost-Effective Cultivation 32.4 Harvesting 32.5 Processing 32.6 Cultivation of Photoautotrophs (Algae and Cyanobacteria) Involves Indoor and Outdoor Culture Facilities 32.7 Protection from UV Radiations 32.8 Cyanotoxins 32.9 Source of Healthy Food and Fodder 32.10 Nutraceuticals 32.11 Red Algae References 33: Autopsy and COVID-19 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Autopsy 33.3 COVID-19, Biosafety and Autopsy 33.4 Pathological Findings from Autopsies 33.5 COVID-19 Vaccines, Adverse Effects, and Autopsy 33.6 Summary References 34: COVID-19 and Their Impacts on Aquatic Systems: Is It a Solution for Environmental Resilience? 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Origin and Characteristics of Coronavirus 34.2.1 Novel Coronavirus/COVID-19 Disease 34.2.2 Modes of COVID-19 Infection 34.2.2.1 Droplet Transmission 34.2.2.2 Direct Contact with Surface Deposition/Contamination 34.2.2.3 Fecal-Oral Transmission 34.2.2.4 Transmission Stages of COVID-19 34.2.2.4.1 Stage-1: Imported Cases 34.2.2.4.2 Stage-2: Local Transmission 34.2.2.4.3 Stage-3: Community Transmission 34.2.2.4.4 Stage-4: Transmission Out of Control 34.3 Role of Health Organizations to Deal with COVID-19 34.3.1 Waste Generation Due to COVID-19 Infection 34.3.2 Management and Handling of COVID-19 Waste 34.3.2.1 Classification/Categorization of Waste 34.3.2.2 Waste Segregation and Waste Minimization 34.3.2.3 On-Site Handling of Waste 34.3.2.4 Waste Treatment and Disposal 34.3.2.5 Treatment of Healthcare Waste 34.3.2.6 Physical Treatment Processes 34.3.2.7 Chemical Treatment Process 34.3.2.8 Radiation Process 34.3.2.9 Biological Treatment Process 34.3.2.10 Mechanical Process 34.3.2.11 Treatment Prior Disposal 34.4 Consequences of COVID-19 34.4.1 Effects of COVID-19 on Human 34.4.2 Effects of COVID-19 on Animals 34.4.3 Effects of COVID-19 on Environment 34.5 Aquatic Ecosystems Resilience: Impacts Noticed 34.6 Conclusion References This book examines the role of human microbiome in human health and diseases. The initial chapters present tools for genetic manipulation of gut microbiota and the therapeutic applications of engineered microbiota. They discuss the interaction between human microbiota and host in defining the prominent role of microbes in the development and progression of major human diseases. The book also summarizes the current applications and trends for the development, production and analytical characterization of recombinant therapeutic proteins in microbial systems. It also reviews the role of microbes in the production of vaccines and antibiotics. Further, the book presents bacterial products, including proteins, enzymes, immunotoxins and secondary metabolites, that target cancer cells and cause tumour regression. The chapters also discuss the critical role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease and in bowel-related diseases. Towards the end, the book exploresthe role of intestinal microbiota in metabolic health and the pathogenesis of common metabolic disorders. It presents state-of-the-art insights into important aspects of United Nations―Sustainable Developmental Goal 3.