Role of Herbal Medicines : Management of Lifestyle Diseases

Preface Contents Editors and Contributors About the Editors Contributors Introduction to Lifestyle Diseases and Role of Herbal Medicines 1 Introduction 2 Prevention of Lifestyle Diseases 3 History of Herbal Medicine 4 Lifestyle Diseases 4.1 Obesity 4.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 4.3 Cancers 4.4 Psychiatric Disorders 4.5 Diabetes 4.6 Herbs as Immunomodulators 5 Clinical Studies and Regulatory Considerations of Herbal Medicines 6 Conclusion References The Importance and Scope of Medicinal Plants Suggested in Traditional Medicine in the Holistic Care of Occupational Lifestyle Disorders with Special Mention to Insulin Resistance Associated Clinical Syndromes 1 Background 2 Insulin Resistance 2.1 Shared Pathology of Autoimmunity, Autoinflammation, Impaired Autophagy, and Gut Dysbiosis in IR 3 Understanding Insulin 3.1 Defining Insulin Resistance (IR) 3.2 IR Causative Factors 3.3 Gross Pathological Process in IR 3.4 Indicators of IR 4 Shared Mechanism of Insulin Resistance in Diverse Clinical Syndromes 4.1 IR Targeted Basic Metabolic Errors, Shared Molecular and Histological Mechanisms 4.2 IR and Metabolic Syndrome 4.3 IR and Endocrine Errors and Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome 4.4 IR, Neuro-Inflammation, and Neurodegenerative Disorders 4.5 IR and Cancer 4.6 Psycho-Neuro-Immuno-Endocrinal Axis, Stress, and IR 4.7 Prognosis and Complications Associated with IR 5 Current Treatment Strategies for Insulin Resistance and Scope for Integrative Medicine Accommodating Herbal Drugs 5.1 Current Management Strategies Adopted in IR-Associated Clinical Conditions 5.2 Adverse Effects of Commonly Prescribed Medicaments 5.3 Scope of Traditional Systems of Medicines (TMs) as an Arm of Integrative Medicine in IR-Associated States 6 Herbal Medicine for the Management of IR and Other Associated States of LsD 6.1 Curcuma longa L. 6.2 Emblica officinalis Gatertn 6.3 Cinnamomum verum J. Presl 6.4 Momordica charantia L. 6.5 Trigonellum foenum-graecum L. 6.6 Eugenia jambolana Lam. 6.7 Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. 7 Conclusion References Extraction of Phytoconstituents for Lifestyle Diseases 1 Introduction 2 Plants Frequently Used in the Treatment of LSD and Their Phytoconstituents 2.1 Plants Used in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Phytoconstituents 2.1.1 Allium sativum (Amaryllidaceae) 2.1.2 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) 2.1.3 Morusalba (Moraceae) 2.1.4 Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) 2.1.5 Detarium microcarpum (Fabaceae) 2.1.6 Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) 2.1.7 Quercus infectoria (Fagaceae) 2.1.8 Panax notoginseng (Araliaceae) 2.1.9 Artemisia judaica (Asteraceae) 2.2 Plants Frequently Used in the Treatment of Cancer and Their Phytoconstituents 2.2.1 Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) 2.2.2 Annona muricata (Annonaceae) 2.2.3 Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae) 2.2.4 Mangifera indica (Anacardiacea) 2.2.5 Raphia vinifera (Arecaceae) 2.3 Plants Frequently Used in the Treatment of Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Their Phytoconstituents 2.3.1 Vitex rotundifolia (Lamiaceae) 2.3.2 Pistacia weinmannifolia (Anacardiaceae) 2.3.3 Camphora chartophylla (Lauraceae) 2.3.4 Allium sativum (Amaryllidaceae) 2.3.5 Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) 2.3.6 Magnolia officinalis (Magnoliaceae) 2.4 Plants Frequently Used in the Treatment of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia and Their Phytoconstituents 2.4.1 Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) 2.4.2 Rauvolfia vomitoria (Apocynaceae) 2.4.3 Baillonella toxisperma (Sapotaceae) 2.4.4 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Fabaceae) 2.4.5 Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae) 2.4.6 Pseudarthria hookeri (Fabaceae) 2.5 Plants Frequently Used in the Treatment of Hypertension and Their Phytoconstituents 2.5.1 Allium cepa (Amaryllidaceae) 2.5.2 Apium graveolens (Apiaceae) 2.5.3 Olea europaea (Oleaceae) 2.5.4 Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) 2.5.5 Terminalia superba (Combretaceae) 2.6 Plants Used in the Management of Obesity and Their Phytoconstituents 2.6.1 Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae) 2.6.2 Ficus carica (Moraceae) 2.6.3 Hoodia gordonii (Apocynaceae) 2.6.4 Moringa stenopetala (Moringaceae) 2.6.5 Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae) 3 Extraction Techniques of Phytoconstituents Involved in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases 3.1 Overview of Extraction Techniques 3.1.1 Maceration 3.1.2 Infusion 3.1.3 Percolation 3.1.4 Decoction 3.1.5 Soxhlet Extraction or Hot Continuous Extraction 3.1.6 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) 3.1.7 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) or Sonication Extraction 3.1.8 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) 3.1.9 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE) 3.1.10 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) 3.2 Specific Procedures for Extracting Some Classes of Compounds Involved in the Management of LSD 3.2.1 Extraction of Phenolic Compounds 3.2.1.1 Flavonoids 3.2.1.2 Coumarins 3.2.1.3 Tannins 3.2.2 Extraction of Alkaloids 3.2.3 Extraction of Terpenoids 3.2.4 Extraction of Others Classes of Compounds 4 Conclusion and Outlooks References Chemical Characterization of Phytoconstituents for Lifestyle Diseases 1 Introduction 2 Phytoconstituents for the Management of Lifestyle Diseases 2.1 Diabetes 2.1.1 Alkaloids 2.1.2 Phenolic Compounds 2.1.3 Terpenoids and Steroids 2.1.4 Miscellaneous 2.2 Cardiovascular Diseases 2.2.1 Alkaloids 2.2.2 Phenolic Compounds 2.2.3 Terpenoids and Steroids 2.2.4 Miscellaneous 2.3 Cancer 2.3.1 Alkaloids 2.3.2 Phenolic Compounds 2.3.3 Terpenoids and Steroids 2.4 Chronic Respiratory Diseases 2.4.1 Alkaloids 2.4.2 Phenolic Compounds 2.4.3 Terpenoids and Steroids 3 Characterization of the Main Groups of Compounds Involve in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases 3.1 Qualitative Estimation of Secondary Metabolites 3.1.1 Some Qualitative Tests for Alkaloids 3.1.1.1 Test of Mayer 3.1.1.2 Test of Dragendorff 3.1.1.3 Test of Hager 3.1.2 Some Qualitative Tests for Phenolic Compounds and Tannins 3.1.2.1 Test of Schinoda 3.1.2.2 Test of Ferric Chloride 3.1.2.3 Test of Gelatin Hydrolysis 3.1.3 Qualitative Identification of Ketone: 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Hydrazine Test 3.1.4 Qualitative Identification of Anthraquinones: Bornträger Test 3.1.5 Some Qualitative Tests for Terpenoids and Steroids 3.1.5.1 Test of Liebermann–Burchard 3.1.5.2 Test of Horizon 3.1.5.3 Test of Salkowski 3.1.6 Qualitative Test for the Presence of Saponins 3.1.7 Some Qualitative Tests for Carbohydrates 3.1.7.1 Test of Benedict 3.1.7.2 Test of Molish 3.2 General Characterization Techniques of Phytoconstituents 3.2.1 Mass Spectrometry 3.2.2 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 3.2.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 3.2.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 3.2.5 X-Ray Crystallography 3.3 Characterization Techniques of Alkaloids 3.3.1 UV and IR Characteristics of Alkaloids 3.3.2 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 3.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 3.3.4 Characterization of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids 3.3.4.1 Qualitative Identification of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids 3.3.4.2 Ultra Violet Spectral Properties 3.3.4.3 Infrared Spectral Properties 3.4 Characterization Techniques of Flavonoids 3.4.1 Qualitative Methods 3.4.2 Spectroscopic Methods 3.4.2.1 UV and IR Characteristic of Flavonoids 3.4.2.2 Electronic Impact Mass Spectrometry (EI-MS) 3.4.2.3 1H and 13C-NMR 3.5 Characterization Techniques of Terpenoids and Steroids 3.5.1 Mass Spectrometry 3.5.2 UV and IR Characteristics of Terpenoids 3.5.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) 3.5.4 Characterization of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids 3.5.4.1 Qualitative Analysis 3.5.4.2 IR Spectroscopy 3.5.4.3 Mass Spectrometry 3.5.4.4 1H and 13C-NMR 3.5.5 Characterization Techniques of Saponins 4 Conclusion and Outlooks References Role of Medicinal Plants in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus 1 Introduction 2 Background: Blood Glucose Homeostasis and Its Faith in Diabetes Mellitus 2.1 Pathways of Insulin Secretion 2.1.1 Pathway of Insulin Secretion Induced by Glucose Stimulation 2.2 Gut Hormone Pathway 3 Regulation Glucose Level 3.1 Enzymatic Action 3.2 Advance Glycation End Products 3.3 Oxidative Stress 4 Antidiabetic Phytoconstituents and Their Mode of Action (Fig. 5) 4.1 Alkaloids 4.1.1 Inhibition of Enzymes 4.1.2 Inhibition of Aldose Reductase (AR) 4.1.3 Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1B 4.1.4 Enhance Insulin Secretion 4.1.5 Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End Products 4.1.6 Antioxidant Activity 4.1.7 Enhancement of Glucose Uptake 5 Anthraquinones (AQs) 5.1 α Amylase and Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity 5.2 Inhibition of DPP 4 5.3 Inhibition of PTP 1B 5.4 Inhibition of Aldose Reductase Activity 5.5 Insulin Secretion 6 Flavonoids 6.1 Enhance Insulin Secretion 7 Saponins 8 Conclusion References Herbal Medicines for the Management of Obesity 1 Introduction 2 Plants Against Obesity 3 Challenges and Future Recommendation References Herbal Medicines for the Management of Diseases in the Heart, Circulation, and Blood 1 Background 2 Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Pathophysiology 2.1 Hypertension 2.2 Ischaemic Heart Disease 2.3 Atherosclerosis 2.4 Angina Pectoris 2.5 Arrhythmia 2.6 Myocardial Infarction 2.7 Anaemia 3 Therapeutic Significance of Medicinal Plants and their Role in CVD 3.1 Acorus (Acorus calamus Linn., Acoraceae) 3.2 Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Euphorbiaceae) 3.3 Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna Roxb., Combretaceae) 3.4 Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera., Solanaceae) 3.5 Betel Leaf (Piper betel., Piperaceae) 3.6 Bera or Mamyanu (Ziziphus oxyphylla., Rhamnaceae) 3.7 Candlenut Tree (Aleurites moluccana., Euphorbiaceae) 3.8 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum., Lauraceae) 3.9 Drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam., Moringaceae) 3.10 Garlic (Allium sativum., Liliaceae) 3.11 Gentiana (Gentiana floribunda., Gentianaceae) 3.12 Ginko (Gingko biloba., Ginkgoaceae) 3.13 Ginseng (Panax ginseng., Araliaceae) 3.14 Guggul (Commiphora mukul., Burseraceae) 3.15 Haritaki (Terminalia chebula., Combretaceae) 3.16 Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger., Solanaceae) 3.17 Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata., Acanthaceae) 3.18 Orchid (Orchis mascula., Orchidaceae) 3.19 Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa Hook. f., Compositae) 3.20 Radish (Raphanus sativus., Brassicaceae) 3.21 Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum Linn., Polygonaceae) 3.22 Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentina., Apocynaceae) 3.23 Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn., Lamiaceae) 3.24 Viola (Viola odorata Linn., Violaceae) 4 Active Phytoconstituents for CVD 5 Conclusion References Role of Lifestyle Modification and Diet in the Prevention of Cancer 1 Introduction 2 Molecular Basis of Cancer 3 Nutrient Metabolism Reprogramming in Cancer 3.1 Implications of Different Nutrients on Cancer 3.1.1 Low Fibre 3.1.2 Glucose Metabolism 3.1.3 Omega-3-and Omega-6 Fatty Acids 3.1.4 Red Meat 3.1.5 Flax Seed 3.1.6 Fruits and Vegetables 3.2 Implications of Nutritional Diet and Lifestyle Modifications in Different Cancer Types 3.2.1 Colorectal Cancer 3.2.2 Breast Cancer 3.2.3 Melanoma 3.2.4 Prostate Cancer 3.2.5 Lung Carcinoma 4 Modifying Lifestyle Reduces the Risk of Developing Cancer 5 Summary References Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of COPD 1 Introduction 2 Molecular Mechanisms Involved in COPD 2.1 Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress 2.2 Role of Growth Factors 2.3 Role of Proteases 2.4 Other Signaling Mechanisms Involved 3 Novel Strategies and Molecular Targets in COPD 3.1 Targeting NF-κB Inflammatory Signaling in Obstructive Airway Disease 3.2 Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling in Obstructive Airway Disease 3.3 Targeting Cytokine Release in Obstructive Airway Disease 3.4 Targeting Proteases in Obstructive Airway Disease 3.5 Targeting Kinases in Obstructive Airway Disease 3.6 Targeting Phosphodiesterase in Obstructive Airway Disease 3.7 Targeting Oxidative Stress in Obstructive Airway Disease 4 The Natural History of Herbal Medicine 5 Herbal Medicines: As Affordable Precision Medicine 6 Novel and Marketed Herbal Medicine Available for the Treatment of COPD 7 Secondary Metabolites Involved in the Inhibition of COPD 8 Conclusion References Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis 1 Introduction 2 Pathophysiology 3 Herbal Molecules Involved in the Management of Liver Cirrhosis 3.1 Alkaloids 3.1.1 Berberine 3.1.2 Caffeine 3.1.3 Capsaicin 3.1.4 Conophylline 3.1.5 Evodiamine 3.1.6 Ligustrazine 3.1.7 Neferine 3.1.8 Oxymatrine 3.2 Flavonoids 3.2.1 Naringenin 3.2.2 Silymarin 3.2.3 Baicalin 3.2.4 Quercetin 3.3 Polyphenols 3.3.1 Catechin 3.3.2 Resveratrol 3.3.3 Curcumin 3.3.4 Chlorogenic Acid 3.3.5 Anthocyanin 3.3.6 Mangiferin 3.4 Glycosides 3.4.1 Glycyrrhizin 3.4.2 Paeoniflorin 3.4.3 Vicenin-2 3.4.4 Schaftoside 3.4.5 Geniposide 3.4.6 Swertiamarin 3.4.7 Salidroside 3.5 Terpenoids 3.5.1 Betulinic Acid 3.5.2 Ursolic Acid 3.5.3 Artemisinin 3.5.4 Oleanolic Acid 3.5.5 Lycopene 3.5.6 Fucoxanthin 3.5.7 Tanshinone IIA 3.6 Tannins 3.6.1 Tannic Acid 3.6.2 Dieckol 3.6.3 Corilagin 3.6.4 Punicalagin 4 Conclusion References Plants Affecting Serotonergic Neurotransmission 1 Introduction 2 Biosynthesis and Serotonin Metabolism 3 Complications Associated with 5-HT Dysregulation 4 5-HT-Related Abnormalities 5 Tryptophan-Related Abnormalities 6 Serotonin Toxicity 7 Common Plants Used in Serotonergic Disorders 8 Plants Modulating Serotonergic Systems 9 Serotonin Contents in Herbal Plants extracts 10 Geographical Distribution of Plants Affecting Serotonergic System 11 Medicinal Plants and Their Mechanism of Action on Serotonergic Transmission 12 Conclusion References Herbal Medicines for Management of Alzheimer’s Disease 1 Introduction 2 Plants with Beneficial Effects in AD 2.1 Huperzia serrata (Thunb. Ex Murray) Trev 2.2 Ginkgo biloba Linn 2.3 Panax ginseng C.A. Mey 2.4 Resveratrol (Trans-3,40,5-Trihydroxystilbene) 2.5 Curcuma longa 2.6 Bacopa monnieri Linn 2.7 Withania somnifera Dunal (Ashwagandha, Indian Ginseng) 2.8 Berberine 3 Conclusion References Herbal Medicine for the Management of Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia 1 Introduction 2 Mechanisms of Herbs Used in the Management of Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia 3 Medicinal Plants Used for the Management of Depression 3.1 Symptoms of Depression 4 Definition of Depression 4.1 Types of Depression 4.2 Unipolar Depression 4.3 Bipolar Affective Disorder 4.4 Stress and Depression 4.5 Depression and Diet 4.6 Causes of Depression 4.7 Possible Causative Pathological Factors of Depression 4.8 Drug Induced Depression 4.9 Management of Depression 4.10 Medicinal Plants and Depression 4.11 Use of Herb to Manage Depression 5 Anxiety 5.1 Symptoms of Anxiety 5.2 Management of Anxiety 5.3 Types of Anxiety Disorders 5.3.1 Generalized Anxiety Disorders 5.3.2 Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder 5.3.3 Panic Disorder 5.3.4 Social Anxiety Disorder 5.3.5 Phobias 5.4 Physiology of Anxiety 5.4.1 Symptoms of Anxiety 5.5 Mechanism of Anxiety 6 Neurotransmitters in Anxiety 6.1 Different Neurotransmitters Involved in Anxiety 6.1.1 Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid 6.1.2 Glutamate 6.1.3 Serotonin (5HT) 6.2 Management of Anxiety 7 Herbal Anxiolytes 7.1 Isomnia References Role of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Arthritis 1 Introduction 1.1 Nigella sativa and Its Major Ingredient Thymoquinone 1.2 Animal Studies 1.2.1 Thymoquinone 1.3 Clinical Studies 2 Zingiber officinale and Its Constituents 6-Gingerols and 6-Shogaols 2.1 Animal Studies 2.1.1 6-Shogaol 2.2 Clinical Studies 3 Curcuma longa and Its Major Active Constituent Curcumin 3.1 Animal Studies 3.2 Clinical Studies 4 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook and Its Main Component Triptolide 4.1 Animal Studies 4.1.1 Triptolide 4.2 Clinical Studies 5 Punica granatum and Its Major Constituent Ellagic Acid 5.1 Animal Studies 5.1.1 Ellagic Acid (EA) 5.1.2 Punicalagin 5.2 Clinical Studies 6 Boswellia serrata and Its Major Constituent Boswellic Acid 6.1 Animal Studies 6.1.1 Boswellic Acid 6.2 Clinical Studies 7 Crocus sativus and Its Main Constituent Crocin 7.1 Animal Studies 7.1.1 Crocin 7.2 Clinical Studies 8 Berberis vulgaris and Its Main Constituent Berberine 8.1 Animal Studies 8.1.1 Berberine 9 Withania somnifera 9.1 Animal Studies 9.2 Clinical Studies 10 Eucommia ulmoides 10.1 Animal Studies 10.2 Clinical Studies References Role of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease 1 Introduction 2 Abelmoschus manihot L. 2.1 Animal Studies 2.2 Clinical Studies 3 Salvia miltiorrhiza and Its Major Active Components: Tanshinone and Salvianolic Acid 3.1 Animal Studies 3.1.1 Salvianolic Acid A 3.1.2 Salvianolic Acid B 3.1.3 Tanshinone IIA 3.2 Clinical Studies 4 Berberine 4.1 Animal Studies 4.2 Clinical Studies 5 Zingiber officinale and Its Constituents: 6-Gingerols and 6-Shogaols 5.1 Animal Studies 5.1.1 6-Shogaol 5.1.2 6-Gingerol 5.2 Clinical Studies 6 Punica granatum and Its Major Constituent Ellagic Acid 6.1 Animal Studies 6.1.1 Ellagic Acid (EA) 7 Vitis vinifera 7.1 Animal Studies 7.2 Clinical Studies 8 Curcuma longa and Its Major Component: Curcumin 8.1 Animal Studies 8.2 Clinical Studies 9 Nigella sativa 9.1 Animal Studies 9.2 Clinical Studies 10 Rosmarinus offcinalis and Its Major Constituent: Rosmarinic Acid 10.1 Animal Studies 10.1.1 Rosmarinic Acid References Herbal Medicines for the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Constipation Problem 1 Introduction 2 Unravelling the Aetiopathogenesis of IBS and Constipation 2.1 A Healthy Gut Microbiota and Its Role in Human Health 2.2 Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in IBS and Related Disorders 2.3 Association of Pathobionts and PRRs in IBS 2.4 Diet–Microbiota Interaction in IBS and Related Disorders 3 Current Approaches for Managing IBS and Related Disorders 3.1 Marketed Drugs, Drawbacks of Conventional Treatment 3.2 Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Include Prebiotics and Probiotics 4 Herbal Approaches for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBS) and Related Disorders 4.1 Nanotechnology in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Related Disorders 4.2 Natural Products Encapsulated Drug Delivery System 4.3 Fermented Formulation and Dietary Supplements Used for Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Related Disorders 5 Future Prospect 6 Conclusion References Herbal Medicines for the Management of Diseases on Vitamin Deficiency 1 Introduction 2 Role of Vitamins in the Body 3 Dietary Sources of Vitamins 4 Causes of Vitamin Deficiency 4.1 Dietary Risk Factors 4.2 Sunlight 4.3 Medical Illness 5 Symptoms of Vitamin Deficiency 5.1 Fatigue and Weakness 5.2 Dry Skin and Hair 5.3 Depression 5.4 Easy Bruising and Bleeding 5.5 Poor Wound Healing 5.6 Predisposition to Infections 5.7 Bone Fracture 5.8 Skin Colour Changes 6 Deficiency Disorders of Vitamins and Their Herbal Remedies 6.1 Vitamin A 6.1.1 Deficiency Disorders 6.1.2 Herbal Medicine for Vitamin A Deficiency 6.1.2.1 Antioxidants 6.1.2.2 Carotenoids 6.1.2.3 Omega 3 Fatty Acid 6.2 Vitamin D 6.2.1 Deficiency Disorders 6.2.2 Herbal Medicine for Vitamin D Deficiency 6.3 Vitamin E 6.3.1 Deficiency Disorders 6.3.2 Herbal Medicine for Vitamin E Deficiency 6.4 Vitamin K 6.4.1 Deficiency Disorders of Vitamin K 6.4.2 Herbal Medicine for Vitamin K Deficiency 6.5 Vitamin B 6.5.1 Deficiency Disorder of B Vitamins 6.5.2 Herbal Treatment of B Vitamin Deficiency 6.6 Vitamin C 6.6.1 Deficiency Disorders of Vitamin C 6.6.2 Herbal Medicine for Vitamin C Deficiency 7 Development and Analytical Approaches for Herbal Medicine (Fig. 4) 7.1 Qualitative Test 7.1.1 Vitamin A 7.1.2 Vitamin C 7.1.3 Vitamin D 7.1.4 Vitamin E 7.2 Quantitative Test 7.2.1 Riboflavin 7.2.2 Niacin 7.2.3 Thiamin 7.2.4 Ascorbic Acid 7.2.5 Vitamin A 7.3 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) 7.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 7.5 High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) 7.6 Optimum Performance Laminar Chromatography (OPLC) 7.7 UV Spectroscopy 7.8 IR Spectroscopy 7.9 Mass Spectroscopy 7.10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 7.11 X-Ray Crystallography 7.12 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 8 Conclusion References Herbs for Autoimmune Diseases 1 Introduction 1.1 Aetiology of ADs 1.1.1 Dysregulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity 1.1.2 Failure of Central and Peripheral Tolerance 1.1.2.1 Molecular Mimicry 1.1.2.2 Epitope Spreading 1.1.2.3 Bystander Activation 1.2 Genetic and Epigenetic Factors Contributing to Failure of Immune Tolerance 1.2.1 Genetic Factors 1.2.1.1 Gene Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) 1.2.1.2 Forkhead Box P3 (Foxp3) 1.2.1.3 Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) 1.2.1.4 Human Lymphocyte Antigen (HLA) 1.2.2 Epigenetic and Environmental Factors 1.2.2.1 Stress 1.2.2.2 Hormones 1.2.2.3 Diet/Nutrition 2 Phytoconstituents/Herbs as Immunosuppressive and Immunomodulatory Agents 2.1 Anti-inflammatory Herbs Commonly Used in Management of Various Autoimmune Diseases 2.1.1 Curcuma longa 2.1.2 Allium sativum 2.1.3 Zingiber officinale 2.1.4 Berberis aristata 2.1.5 Withania somnifera 2.1.6 Camellia sinensis 2.1.7 Uncaria tomentosa 2.1.8 Glycine max 2.1.9 Andrographis paniculata 2.1.10 Rosmarinus officinalis 2.1.11 Coriandrum sativum 2.1.12 Morinda citrifolia 2.1.13 Cymbopogon citratus 2.1.14 Ocimum gratissimum 2.1.15 Tinospora cordifolia 3 Specific AD Conditions and Herbs Used in Their Management 3.1 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 3.1.1 Herbs Used for Management of SLE 3.1.1.1 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Artemisinin 3.2 Skin-Related Autoimmune Diseases 3.2.1 Atopic Dermatitis/Eczema 3.2.1.1 Herbs Used for Management of Atopic Dermatitis Aloe vera 3.2.1.2 Pentaherbs Formula 3.2.2 Vitiligo 3.2.2.1 Herbs Used for Management of Vitiligo Piper nigrum Nigella sativa 3.2.3 Psoriasis 3.2.3.1 Herbs Used for Management of Psoriasis Oryza sativa Perilla frutescens 3.3 Autoimmune Addison’s Disease 3.3.1 Herbs Used for Management of Addison’s Disease 3.3.1.1 Glycyrrhiza glabra 3.3.1.2 Boswellia serrata 3.3.1.3 Fenugreek 3.4 Neurological Diseases 3.4.1 Commonly Used Herbs for Neurodegenerative Diseases 3.4.1.1 Bacopa monnieri 3.4.1.2 Ginkgo biloba 3.4.1.3 Centella asiatica 3.4.1.4 Nardostachys jatamansi Shankhpushpi Triphala 3.4.2 Multiple Sclerosis 3.4.2.1 Artemisia dracunculus 3.4.2.2 Silybum marianum 3.4.3 Alzheimer’s Disease 3.4.3.1 Herbs Used for Management of Alzheimer’s Disease Acorus calamus Crocus sativus 3.4.4 Parkinson’s Disease 3.4.4.1 Herbs Used for Management of Parkinson’s Disease Panax ginseng Astragalus membranaceus 4 Conclusion References Role of Herbal Medicine in Boosting Immune System 1 Introduction 2 Why People Use Herbal Medicines? 3 Immunity 4 Herbal Medicine in Boosting the Immune System 4.1 The Effects of Medicinal Plants on the Immune System 4.1.1 Turmeric 4.1.2 Common fig 4.1.3 Astragalus 4.1.4 Garlic 4.1.5 Curry Leaves 4.1.6 Ghritkumari (Aloe Vera) 4.1.7 Guava 4.1.8 Ginger 4.1.9 Neem 4.1.10 Arjuna 5 Some Specific Effect of Herbal Medicines 5.1 Modulation of Cytokines by Herbal Plant Products 5.2 Prebiotic Effects on Humoral Immunity in Medicinal Herbs 5.3 Herbal Medicine that Directly Stimulates B Cells 5.4 Herbal Remedies that Indirectly Stimulate Cellular Immunity 5.5 Bioavailability 6 Representative Examples of Natural Products with Immunomodulating Properties 7 Conclusions References Medicinal Plants, Antioxidant Potential, and Applications to Aging 1 Introduction 1.1 Manifestations 1.2 Mechanism of Action 1.3 Conventional Anti-aging Methods 1.4 Potential of Medicinal Plants as Anti-aging Agents 2 Plant Sources with Anti-aging Potential 3 Phytoconstituents Having Potent Anti-aging Property 4 Conclusion References Role of Natural Polysaccharides in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases 1 Introduction 2 General Pathophysiology of Metabolic Diseases 3 Plant Polysaccharides and Its Composition 4 Management of Lifestyle Disorders Using Natural Polysaccharides 4.1 Hyperglycemia 4.2 Hyperlipidemia 4.2.1 Polysaccharides Against Hyperlipidemia 4.2.1.1 Cyclocarya Polysaccharide 4.2.1.2 Pleurotus Mycelia Polysaccharides 4.2.1.3 Ulvan 4.2.1.4 Morchella Polysaccharides 4.2.1.5 TDGP-3 Polysaccharides 4.2.1.6 Pine Needle Polysaccharide (PNP) 4.2.1.7 Selenium Modified Lachnum Polysaccharide 4.2.1.8 Prunella Polysaccharides 4.2.1.9 Apostichopus Polysaccharides 4.2.1.10 Termitomyces Polysaccharides 4.2.1.11 Helvella Polysaccharides 4.2.1.12 Ganoderma Polysaccharides 4.2.1.13 Quinoa Polysaccharide 4.2.1.14 Holothuria Polysaccharides 4.2.1.15 Rice Bran Polysaccharide 4.2.1.16 Pleurotus Polysaccharides 4.3 Hypertension 4.3.1 Polysaccharides Used Against Hypertension 4.3.1.1 Cordyceps Polysaccharides 4.3.1.2 Watermelon Rinds Polysaccharide 4.3.1.3 White Mulberry Fruit Polysaccharides 4.3.1.4 Althea Polysaccharides 4.3.1.5 Sodium Alginate Oligosaccharides 4.3.1.6 Undaria Polysaccharide 4.3.1.7 Other Polysaccharides 4.4 Cardiovascular Diseases 4.4.1 Polysaccharides Acting Against CVDs 4.4.1.1 Auricularia Polysaccharides 4.4.1.2 Astragalus Polysaccharide 4.4.1.3 Red Microalga Polysaccharides 4.4.1.4 Dendrobium Polysaccharides 4.4.1.5 Ophiopogon Polysaccharide 4.4.1.6 Zhiqiao 4.4.1.7 Padina Tetrastromatica 4.4.1.8 Opuntia Polysaccharides 4.4.1.9 Plantago Polysaccharides 4.4.1.10 Polysaccharide Krestin 4.4.1.11 Poria Polysaccharides 4.4.1.12 Dictyophora Polysaccharides 4.4.1.13 Momordica Polysaccharide 4.4.1.14 Cornus Polysaccharide 4.4.1.15 Tamarindus Xyloglucan 4.4.1.16 Panax Ginseng 4.5 Asthma and COPD 4.5.1 Polysaccharides Acting Against COPD and Asthma 4.5.1.1 Chitin 4.5.1.2 Chitosan 4.5.1.3 Astragalus and Codonopsis Polysaccharides 4.5.1.4 Antrodia Polysaccharides 4.5.1.5 Portulaca Polysaccharides 4.5.1.6 Ganoderma Polysaccharides 4.5.1.7 Boletus Edulis Polysaccharide 4.6 Chronic Kidney Disease 4.6.1 Polysaccharides Used in CKD 4.6.1.1 Soybean Soluble Polysaccharides 4.6.1.2 Pleurotus Mycelia Polysaccharides 4.6.1.3 Ophiocordyceps Polysaccharides 4.6.1.4 Auricularia Polysaccharides 4.6.1.5 Cordyceps Polysaccharides 4.6.1.6 Chitosan 4.6.1.7 Fucoidan 4.6.1.8 Cordyceps sinensis 4.6.1.9 Chinese Chive Polysaccharides 4.7 Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome 4.7.1 Polysaccharides Against IBS 4.7.1.1 Oat Bran Glucan 4.7.1.2 Mushroom Glucan 4.7.1.3 Seaweed-Derived β-Glucan 4.7.1.4 Fucoidan 4.7.1.5 Plantago Seeds Polysaccharides 4.7.1.6 Wheat Bran and Barley 4.7.1.7 Gums 4.7.1.8 Pectins 4.8 Gastric and Peptic Ulcer 4.8.1 Polysaccharides Against Ulcer 4.8.1.1 Sodium Alginate 4.8.1.2 Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharide (GLP) 4.8.1.3 Pectic Polysaccharide 4.8.1.4 Fucoidan 4.8.1.5 Bletilla Polysaccharide 4.8.1.6 Arabinogalactan 4.8.1.7 Rhamnogalacturonan 4.9 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 4.9.1 Polysaccharides Against GERD 4.9.1.1 Chitosan 4.9.1.2 Carbopol 4.9.1.3 Pectin 4.9.1.4 Starch 4.9.1.5 Alginates 4.9.1.6 Cashew Gum 4.9.1.7 Pectin 4.9.1.8 Guar Gum: Seed Gum 4.9.1.9 Carrageenans: Seaweed Gum 4.9.1.10 Plantago Polysaccharide 4.10 Constipation 4.10.1 Plant Polysaccharides for Constipation 4.11 Osteoporosis 4.11.1 Plant Polysaccharides Against Osteoporosis 4.11.1.1 Polysaccharide-Based Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (NPs) 4.11.1.2 ABPB-4 4.11.1.3 Arabinogalactan 4.11.1.4 Lycium Ruthenicum Polysaccharide (LRPS) 4.11.1.5 Spirulina Fusiformis 4.11.1.6 Cistanche 4.11.1.7 Polygonatum Sibiricum 4.11.1.8 Angelica Polysaccharide (AP) 4.11.1.9 Cuscutae Semen 5 Conclusion References Role of Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals from Herbal Source in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases 1 Introduction 2 Role of Oxidative Stress in Lifestyle Diseases 3 Some Lifestyle Diseases Suffered by Humans 3.1 Respiratory Diseases 3.2 Cardiovascular Diseases 3.3 Neurodegenerative Diseases 3.4 Cancer 3.5 Digestive Diseases 3.6 Aging 3.7 Hypertension 3.8 Diabetes 3.9 Polycystic Ovarian Disease 4 Antioxidant Vitamins from Herbal Sources to Combat Lifestyle Diseases 4.1 Vitamin C 4.2 Vitamin E 4.3 Vitamin A 5 Antioxidant Minerals from Herbal Sources to Combat Lifestyle Diseases 5.1 Selenium 5.2 Zinc 5.3 Manganese 5.4 Iodine 6 Summarizing Remarks and Prospects References Role of Nutraceuticals in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases 1 Introduction 2 Types of Nutraceuticals 2.1 Dietary Fibers 2.2 Prebiotics 2.3 Probiotics 2.4 Vitamins 2.5 Minerals 2.6 Fatty Acids 2.7 Proteins and Amino Acids 2.8 Enzymes 2.9 Herbs 2.10 Phytochemicals 3 Role of Nutraceuticals in Lifestyle Diseases 3.1 Neurological Disorders 3.1.1 Role of Nutraceuticals in Parkinson’s Disease 3.1.1.1 Vitamins 3.1.1.2 Fatty Acids 3.1.1.3 Herbs 3.1.1.4 Phytoconstituents 3.1.1.5 Miscellaneous 3.1.2 Role of Nutraceuticals in Alzheimer’s Disease 3.1.2.1 Vitamins 3.1.2.2 Phytoconstituents 3.1.2.3 Miscellaneous 3.2 Role of Nutraceuticals in Hypertension 3.2.1 Dietary Fibers 3.2.2 Prebiotics and Probiotics 3.2.3 Vitamins 3.2.4 Minerals 3.2.5 Fatty Acids 3.2.6 Herbs 3.2.7 Phytoconstituents 3.2.8 Miscellaneous 3.3 Role of Nutraceuticals in Obesity 3.3.1 Dietary Fibers 3.3.2 Minerals and Fatty Acids 3.3.3 Phytoconstituents 3.4 Role of Nutraceuticals in Diabetes Mellitus 3.4.1 Dietary Fibers and Prebiotics 3.4.2 Vitamins 3.4.3 Minerals 3.4.4 Fatty Acids 3.4.5 Herbs 3.4.6 Phytoconstituents 3.4.7 Miscellaneous 3.5 Role of Nutraceuticals in Cancer 3.5.1 Dietary Fibers 3.5.2 Minerals and Vitamins 3.5.3 Herbs and Phytoconstituents 3.6 Role of Nutraceuticals in Osteoporosis 4 Conclusion References Eating and Healing: Traditional Food as Medicine 1 Introduction 2 Contributions of Ayurveda to Food and Nutrition 3 Traditional Systems of Medicines and Food 4 Medicinal Foods 5 Food, Nutrition, Energy, and Health 6 The Food Nutrients 7 Spices, Condiments, and Herbs with Medicinal Value 8 Foods with Flavonoids Responsible for Health Benefits 9 Probiotics and Prebiotics 10 Factors Affecting the Health Benefits of Foods 10.1 Food Preparations and Storage 10.2 Food Combinations 10.3 Seasonal Considerations