Roger Ascham and His Sixteenth-Century World (St Andrews Studies in Reformation History)

"The life of Roger Ascham (1515/16 to 1568) coincided with the reigns of four Tudor monarchs, the rise and death of Luther, the Council of Trent and the wholesale division of Christendom. He operated in arenas including Cambridge University, the Court, the Continent and the capital, and his works engaged with the most important intellectual concerns of his age, including humanism, educational reform, religion and politics. In this volume historians, literary specialists and classicists have worked together both to re-evaluate more familiar territory in Ascham's life and work and to illuminate previously untapped sources. Their essays reveal Ascham as a considerably more significant figure than previous scholarship has suggested. Two appendices provide valuable further biographical and bibliographical material"-- Provided by publisher Half Title 2 Series Information 3 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Contents 6 Acknowledgements 8 Abbreviations and References 9 Note on the Text 10 Illustrations 11 Notes on Contributors 12 Part 1 Cultures of Scholarship 36 Chapter 1 Roger Ascham and the Idea of a University in Sixteenth-Century England 38 1 True Religion 40 2 True Obedience to the Prince and Magistrates 46 3 All Human Society 50 4 Conclusion 53 Chapter 2 Ascham & Co: St John’s College, Cambridge, in the 1540s 56 Chapter 3 Patristic Scholarship and Ascham’s ‘troubled years’ 76 1 Introduction 76 2 The Beginning of Ascham’s ‘troubled years’ 77 3 Ascham’s Translation of ‘Oecumenius’s’ Commentary on Philemon 79 4 Ascham’s translations of ‘Oecumenius’s’ Commentary on Titus 83 5 Lee’s Response to the Scholia on Titus 86 6 The Context and Motivation of Ascham’s Translations of ‘Oecumenius’ 89 7 Patristic Scholarship after the ‘troubled years’ 93 8 Conclusions 95 Chapter 4 Ascham, Coins, Cambridge and Beyond 97 1 Ascham and Coins 98 2 Cambridge 107 3 Beyond Cambridge and to the Continent 109 4 Conclusion 112 Part 2 Broader Horizons: Connections and Influences 116 Chapter 5 ‘The Scholer of the Best Master’: Ascham and John Cheke 118 1 Teacher and Student, Patron and Client 119 2 ‘My dearest frend, and best master’: the Personal Relationship 124 3 Two Humanists 126 4 Similarities with Differences 133 5 Conclusion 137 Chapter 6 Roger Ascham’s Diplomatic Training and Mid-Tudor Diplomatic Careers 139 1 Introduction 139 2 Diplomatic Writing 141 3 A Report ... of the Affairs and State of Germany 144 4 Transferable Skills Acquisition in the Diplomatic Household 149 5 Diplomatic Secretaries and Diplomatic Careers 153 6 Conclusion 158 Chapter 7 The Special Relationship: Ascham and Sturm, England and Strasbourg 160 1 principium amicitiae: Johannes Sturm and His Relationship with England and Ascham 161 2 Classical Learning, Rhetoric, and Pedagogy 163 3 Protestant Outlook 171 4 Cooperation between Strasbourg and England 175 5 Conclusion 178 Chapter 8 Ascham and Queen Elizabeth’s Religion 180 1 Ascham’s Connections and His Apologia 183 2 Ascham’s Apologia and Edwardian Evangelical Theology 188 3 Queen Elizabeth’s Religion 194 4 Elizabeth and Ascham 196 Part 3 Language, Literature and Learning Reassessed 202 Chapter 9 Ascham as Reader and Writer: Greek Sententiae and Neo-Latin Poetry 204 1 Sententiae in the Renaissance 207 2 The Annotations 209 3 Ascham’s Poetry 215 4 Conclusion 219 Chapter 10 The Bow and the Book: Ascham’s Toxophilus 223 1 Publishing Toxophilus and Authorial Self-Fashioning 223 2 The Role of Dialogue 231 3 Conclusion: Commonweal and the Honesty of ‘Commoning’ 235 Chapter 11 The Scholemaster’s Memories 241 1 ‘That Golden Age’: Memories of Cheke 243 2 ‘Examples for Art to Follow’: Memory and Rhetoric 250 3 ‘Roasting Chestnuts’: Memories of Absent Friends 257 Chapter 12 Ascham and Sturm on imitatio: Ethical and Ludic Attitudes to a Literary Technique 263 1 Sturm on Imitatio in Nobilitas Litterata 267 2 Ascham on Imitation in The Scholemaster 273 Appendices 282 Appendix 1 Roger Ascham: a Biographical Sketch 284 Appendix 2 Ascham’s Bookshelf 312 Handlist of Books 317 St Ambrosius, De vocatione omnium gentium libri duo (Geneva: Michel du Bois, 1541, ustc 450218). Oxford, Bodleian Library, 8° Rawl. 169 (2) 317 Aristophanes, Κωμωιδίαι ἕνδεκα. Comoediae undecim, ed. Simon Grynaeus (Basel: Johann Bebel, 1532, ustc 612851). Hatfield House, 7923 317 Aristotle, Ἀριστοτέλους ἅπαντα. Aristotelis ... opera, 2 vols. (Basel: Johann Bebel, 1531, ustc 555012). Hatfield House, 7927–7928 318 Aristotle, Ἀριστοτέλους ἅπαντα. Aristotelis ... opera, 2 vols. (Basel: Johann Bebel & Michael Isingrinus, 1539, ustc 612986). Cambridge, University Library, Bury 1.12–13 318 Bible (Greek, New Testament), Τῆς καινῆς διαθήκης ἅπαντα. Novi testamenti omnia (Basel: Johann Bebel, 1531, ustc 696184). Hatfield House, 7522 320 Callimachus, Ὕμνοι μετὰ τῶν σχολίων, Γνώμαι ἐκ διαφόρων ποιητῶν φιλοσόφων τε καὶ ῥητόρων συλλεγεῖσθαι ... Hymni, cum scholiis ... Sententiae ex diversis poetis oratoribusque ac philosophis collectae (Basel: Hieronymus Froben and Nikolaus Episcopius, 1532, us 321 Demosthenes, Λόγοι Ὀλυνθιακοί. Orationes Olynthiacae (Louvain: Thierry Martins, 1521, ustc 437173). Shrewsbury School, H.viii.23 (2) 322 Demosthenes, Orationes quatuor contra Philippum, trans. Paulus Manutius (Venice: [Paulus Manutius], 1551, ustc 826510). Queens’ College, Cambridge, C.9.15 (2) 323 Diogenes Laertius, Περὶ βίων, δογμάτων, καὶ ἀποφθεγμάτων τῶν ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ εὐδοκιμησάντων ... De vitis, decretis, et responsis celebrium philosophorum (Basel: Hieronymus Froben and Nikolaus Episcopius, 1533, ustc 637619). Hatfield House, 8058 324 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, De Thucydidis historia iudicium, trans. András Dudith (Venice: apud Aldi filios, 1560, ustc 827000). Queens’ College, Cambridge, C.9.15 (1) 325 Ἐπιστολαὶ διαφόρων φιλοσόφων ῥητόρων σοφιστῶν. Epistolae diversorum philosophorum, oratorum, rhetorum, ed. Marcus Musurus (Venice: Aldo Manuzio, 1499, ustc 760833). Hatfield House, 8082 326 Hermogenes, Τέχνη ῥητορικὴ τελειοτάτη. Ars rhetorica absolutissima (Paris: Christian Wechel, 1530–1531, ustc 185002). Shrewsbury, H.viii.23 (1) 326 Hesychius, Λεξικόν. Dictionarium (Hagenau: Thomas Anshelm, 1521, ustc 662434). Cambridge, St John’s College, Aa.1.51 327 Isocrates, Λόγοι ἅπαντες, καὶ επιστολαί ... Orationes partim doctorum virorum opera (Basel: Michael Isengrin, 1550, ustc 668343). Hatfield House, 8366 329 Nonnus, Μεταβολὴ τοῦ κατὰ Ιωάννην ἁγίου εὐαγγελίου ... Tralatio Sancti Evangelij, secundum Ioannem (Hagenau: Johann Setzer, 1527, ustc 678300). London, British Library, G.8895 (1) 330 Plato, Ἅπαντα Πλάτωνος μεθ ̓ ὑπομνημάτων Πρόκλου εἰς τὸν Τίμαιον, καὶ τὰ Πολιτικὰ ... Platonis omnia opera cum commentariis Procli in Timaeum et Politica (Basel: Johann Walder, 1534, ustc 661590). Hatfield House, Cecil Papers 344 331 Scriptores aliquot gnomici, iis, qui Graecarum literarum candidati sunt, utilissimi (Basel: Joannes Froben, 1521, ustc 692619). London, British Library, G.8895 (2) 332 Σχόλια των πάνυ δοκίμων ... Scholia in septem Euripidis tragoedias ex antiquis exemplaribus, ed. Arsenios, Archbishop of Monemvasia (Venice: Lucantonio Giunta, 1534, ustc 810067). Manchester, Chetham’s Library, Rr.4.7 333 Thucydides, Δημηγορίαι. Conciones (Paris: Christian Wechel, 1531, ustc 185189). Shrewsbury School, H.viii.23 (3) 333 Thucydides, Συγγραφῆς Β. Historiae liber secundus (Paris: Christian Wechel, 1535, ustc 182117). Shrewsbury School, H.viii.23 (4) 333 Seyssel, Claude, De republica Galliae et regum officiis libri duo ... adiecta est summa doctrinae Platonis, de repub. et legibus (Strasbourg: Josias Rihelius, 1562, ustc 622810). London, British Library, C.45.a.7 334 Trithemius, Johannes, Liber octo questionum (Cologne: Melchior von Neuss, 1534, ustc 667673). Glasgow, University Library, Special Collections, Ferguson Af-f.60 335 Bibliography 336 Manuscript Sources 336 Primary Printed Material 336 Secondary Works 344 Electronic Resources 359 Unpublished Dissertations/Papers 360 Index 361 The life of Roger Ascham (1515/16-1568) coincided with the reigns of four Tudor monarchs, the rise and death of Luther, the Council of Trent and the wholesale division of Christendom. He operated in arenas including Cambridge University, the court, the continent and the capital, and his writings engaged with the most important intellectual concerns of his age, including humanism, educational reform, religion and politics. In this volume historians, literary specialists and classicists have worked together both to re-evaluate more familiar territory in Ascham's life and work, and to illuminate previously untapped sources. Their essays reveal Ascham as a considerably more significant figure than previous scholarship has suggested. Two appendices provide valuable further biographical and bibliographical material