Rod Machado's Private Pilot Handbook, 3rd Edition

Rod Machados Private Pilot Handbook Third Edition. Updated for 2018, meets all new test standards! Flying is fun, and with Rod Machados Private Pilot Handbook, learning about flying is now fun, as well. If you want to learn to fly, or even just learn about what makes a plane fly, youll find this lavishly illustrated, fast-paced book to be the best available guide. Written in a clear and witty style, the Private Pilot Handbooks contains more than 1,200 illustrations and photos that are a standalone education about why we can fly. Studying for your private pilot oral and knowledge exams? Everything you need is in this book. Its not just a beginners bookits a comprehensive and useful reference resource for private and even professional pilots. As one flight student said, This handbook explains why things are the way they are, in a way thats easy to understand. I learned lots of things in Rods book that I had not read ANYWHERE else, despite years of reading aviation literature. Rod has been teaching people how to fly airplanes since 1973. His highly acclaimed teaching methods have established him as one of aviations most respected teachers. Using analogies, memory aids, clear and detailed graphics and a little humor, Rod reduces the complexity of all aviation subjects (aerodynamics, meteorology, navigation, airspace, etc.) to a level that even the non-technical person can easily understand. Simply stated, Rod Machado makes learning about flying a fun and enjoyable experience. This 657 page, one-stop handbook Easy-to-understand analogies and examples for technical subjects such as engines, aerodynamics, flight instruments and the airplanes electrical system. Weather METAR and TAF, and Internet weather technology. Latest information on weather Graphical Forecasts for Aviation Water model of electricity allows quick learning and understanding of the airplanes electrical system. Alphabet airspace made E-Z with 3-D color il Front Cover Contents and Introduction Private Handbook Cover Rod Machado's Book Copyright Information Table of Contents Acknowledgments Foreword Dedication About the Author Sam Lyons Introduction Updating Your Book Chapter 1 - Airplane Components: Getting to Know Your Airplane Getting to Know Your Airplane Engine Cooling Systems The Nose Wheel A Retractable Gear Airplane Fuel Tank Sump Drain Water Contamination of Fuel The Static Source The Pitot Tube The Pitot-Static Mast Stall Warning Devices Fuel Tank Vent Lines The Ailerons The Flaps The Fuselage Horizontal-Vertical Stabilizer The Stabilator The Trim Tab More About the Fuselage The Cowling Engine Access Door Antennas The Instrument Panel The Glass Cockpit Panel Primary Flight Display (PFD) Chapter 2 - Aerodynamics - The Wing Is the Thing Four Forces Climbs Descents The Wing How the Wing Works Relative Wind Attacking the Air How Lift Develops Impact Versus Pressure Lift Bending the Wind Angle of Attack Stalls Angle of Attack Any Attitude or Airspeed Stall Warning Signs Stalling Speed Drag Movement of Air Total Drag Stretching the Glide Ground Effect Where to Use Caution Ground Effect and Pitch Changes Flaps Flap Varieties Why Use Flaps? How Airplanes Turn Flight Controls Ailerons Adverse Yaw Rudders Elevator Trim Tabs Left Turning Tendencies Postflight Briefing #2-1 How a Spin Occurs Postflight Briefing #2-2 Parasite Drag Induced Drag Postflight Briefing #2-3 Maximum Endurance and Range Maximum Range Maximum Endurance Postflight Briefing #2-4 The Best Glide Speed Postflight Briefing #2-5 Maneuvering Speed Weight Change and Va Postflight Briefing #2-6 Aerodynamic Ideas Stall Pattern Stall Strips Frost, Ice or Snow Seeing the Stall Postflight Briefing #2-7 The Velocity/Load Factor (V-g) Diagram The Positive-G Limit The Negative-G Limit Maximum Speed Limit The Stall Side Gusts Loading Chapter 3 - Engines - Knowledge of Engines is Power The Airplane Engine Four Cycle Engine The Ignition System Dual Ignition Systems The Magneto Impulse Coupling The P-Lead The Exhaust System The Induction System The Carburetor The Idling System The Accelerator Pump Atomization of Fuel Carburetor - The Ice Maker Ice: Just Your Type Impact Ice Fuel Ice Throttle Ice The Carburetor Heater Carb Ice Symptoms Carb Heat - Precautionary Measure Carburetor Icing Potential Fuel: Going With the Flow The Mixture Control The Fuel/Air Mixture When to Lean How to Lean Too Rich and Too Lean Leaning and High Altitude Takeoffs The EGT Monitor The Fuel System Components Fuel Colors Fuel Vents Auxiliary Fuel Pumps The Primer Fuel Gauges How Much Fuel to Carry The Oil System Malfunctions The Engine Cooling System The Propeller Power Levers - Manifold Pressure & RPM Manifold Presssure Manifold Pressure Change With Altitude Propeller Position for Takeoff, Climb & Cruise Why Constant Speed Propellers? How to Make Power Changes Propeller Tips and Ideas Postflight Briefing #3-1 Detonation and Preignition Detonation Preignition Postflight Briefing #3-2 Fuel Injection Systems Postflight Briefing #3-3 Advanced Airplane Systems Turbocharging Pressurization Engine Operating Tips Chapter 4 - The Electrical System - Knowing What's Watt Electricity and Water Water Analogy of Electricity The Water Pump The Electrical Ground Load Meter The Battery Charge-Discharge Ammeter Electrical Drain What is Electricity? The Voltage Regulator Problems With Regulators (Brains) Postflight Briefing #4-1 The Battery Contactor Chapter 5 - Flight Instruments - Clocks, Tops & Toys Six Flight Instruments Glass Cockpit Instruments Non-Gyro Instruments Airspeed Indicator Static Pressure Pitot Tubes Airspeed Indicator’s Face Indicated Airspeeds Vs Vso Vs1 Vno Vne Va Vlo Vle Indicated Airspeeds Calibrated Airspeed True Airspeed Approaching High Altitude Airports The Altimeter Pressure Variations Temperature Variations Sensitive Altimeters Pressure Altitude Reading the Altimeter The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) Alternate Static Source The Gyroscopic Instruments The Attitude Indicator The Heading Indicator The Turn Coordinator The Magnetic Compass Acceleration and Deceleration Error Turning Errors Postflight Briefing #5-1 Gyroscopic Precession Postflight Briefing #5-2 Primary Flight Displays Digital Airspeed Readouts on PFDs Trend Lines Digital Altitude Readouts Digital Vertical Speed Indicators Attitude Indication on a PFD Heading Indication on a PFD The Inclinometer Trapezoid Attitude-Heading Ref System Postflight Briefing #5-3 The Remote Indicating Compass Postflight Briefing #5-4 The Ring Laser Gyro Chapter 6 - Federal Aviation Regulations - How FAR Can We Go? Part 61 Certification of Airmen Definitions FAR 61.3 Requirement for Certificates, Ratings and Authorizations 61.15 Offenses Involving Alcohol or Drugs 61.23 Duration of Medical Certificates 61.31 Additional Training Requirements High Performance and Complex Endorsements Pressurized Airplanes Capable of Operating at High Altitudes Tailwheel Airplanes 61.56 Flight Reviews 61.57 Recent Flight Experience: Pilot In Command 61.60 Change of Address FAR 61.87 Solo Requirements for Student Pilots FAR 61.89 General Limitations FAR 61.93 Solo Cross Country Flight Requirements FAR 61.103 Private Pilot Requirements FAR 61.109 Flight Experience FAR 61.113 Private Pilot Privileges and Limitations: Pilot in Command PART 91 General Operating and Flight Rules FAR 91.3 Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot In Command FAR 91.7 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness FAR 91.9 Civil Aircraft Flight Manual, Markings and Placard Requirements FAR 91.15 Dropping Objects FAR 91.17 Alcohol or Drugs FAR 91.103 Preflight Action FAR 91.105 Flight Crewmembers at Stations FAR 91.107 Use of Safety Belts FAR 91.111 Operating Near Other Aircraft FAR 91.113 Right of Way Rules: Except Water Operations Distress Converging Different Aircraft Categories Overtaking Landing FAR 91.115 Right of Way Rules: Water Operations FAR 91.117 Aircraft Speed FAR 91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes FAR 91.121 Altimeter Settings FAR 91.123 Compliance with ATC Clearances and Instructions FAR 91.125 ATC Light Signals FAR 91.126 Operating on or in the Vicinity of an Airport in Class G Airspace FAR 91.127 Operations on or in the Vicinity of an Airport in Class E Airspace FAR 91.129 Operations in Class D Airspace FAR 91.130 Operations in Class C Airspace FAR 91.131 Operations in Class B Airspace FAR 91.133 Restricted and Prohibited Areas FAR 91.135 Operations in Class A Airspace FAR 91.151 Fuel Requirements for Flight in VFR Conditions FAR 91.155 Basic VFR Weather Minimums FAR 91.157 Special VFR Weather Minimums FAR 91.159 VFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level FAR 91.203 Civil Aircraft: Certifications Required FAR 91.207 Emergency Locator Transmitters FAR 91.209 Aircraft Lights FAR 91.211 Use of Supplemental Oxygen FAR 91.215 ATC Transponder and Altitude Reporting Equipment and Use FAR 91.303 Aerobatic Flight FAR 91.307 Parachutes and Parachuting FAR 91.313 Restricted Category Civil Aircraft: Operating Limitations FAR 91.319 Aircraft Having Experimental Certificates: Operating Limitations FAR 91.403 Aircraft Maintenance: General FAR 91.407 Operations After Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding or Alteration FAR 91.409 Inspections FAR 91.413 ATC Transponder Tests and Inspections FAR 91.417 Maintenance Records National Transportation Safety Board Regulations NTSB 830.2 Definitions NTSB 830.5 Immediate Notification NTSB 830.10 Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo and Records NTSB 830.15 Reports and Statements to Be Filed Postflight Briefing #6-1 Sport Pilot Certificate Postflight Briefing #6-2 Postflight Briefing #6-3 TFRs Postflight Briefing #6.4 Inoperative Equipment Postflight Briefing #6-5 FAR 91.205 Equipment Required Postflight Briefing #6-6 Airplane Towing a Glider Chapter 7 - Airport Operations - No Doctor Needed Airport Operations Runway Lighting Taxiway Markings Additional Runway Markings Airport Beacons The Traffic Pattern Traffic Pattern Components Crabbing in the Pattern Entering the Traffic Pattern The Segmented Circle Wind and Landing-Direction Indicators The 45° Entry Point CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency) Using Unicom and Multicom for Information Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) Pilot Control of Airport Lighting Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) The 2-Bar VASI Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) The 3-Bar VASI Tricolor VASI Pulsating VASI Systems Wake Turbulence Wingtip Vortices Vortex Movement ATC Wake Turbulence Separation Requirements Taxiing in Crosswind Conditions Postflight Briefing #7-1 LAHSO (Land And Hold Short Operations) Postflight Briefing #7-2 Additional Airport and Runway Markings Postflight Briefing #7-3 Runway Status Light System Postflight Briefing #7-4 Ground Reference Maneuvers Chapter 8 - Radio Operations - Aviation Spoken Here Radio Technique VHF Transmissions Radio Equipment Talking the Talk Controlled Airports Control Tower Communications Flight Service Frequencies ASOS/AWOS The Emergency Frequency The Chart Supplement Radar and the ATC System Transponders Radar Services for Pilots ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast Radar Assistance to VFR Aircraft Basic Radar Service Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA) Service Class C Service Class B Service Clearance Delivery Postflight Briefing #8-1 How ATC Keeps an Eye on You Chapter 9 - Airspace - The Wild Blue, Green and Red Yonder Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace The Big Picture Class A Airspace Class E Airspace Class E at and Above 10,000 Feet MSL Class E Below 10,000 Feet MSL Class E Airspace Starting at 700 Feet AGL Additional Requirements in Surface-Based Controlled Airspace Special VFR Clearance Obtaining an SVFR Clearance Satellite Airports Lying Within the Primary Airport’s Surface-Based Controlled Airspace Class G Airspace Night Operations in Class GAirspace at 1,200 Feet AGL and Below Class G Airspace Above 1,200 Feet AGL General Conclusions About Class A, E and G Airspace Class B, C and D Airspace Class D Airspace Weather Minimums for Class D Airspace Satellite Airports Within Class D Airspace Class C Airspace Equipment Requirements to Operate Within Class C Airspace Class C Service Satellite Airports Within Class C Airspace Variations in Class C Airspace Weather Minimums for Class C Airspace Class B Airspace Requirements to Enter Class B Airspace Special VFR Within Class B Airspace Corridors and Circumnavigating Class B Airspace Transponder and Mode C Within 30 NM of Certain Airports Transponders and Mode C Above 10,000 Feet MSL Transponders in Controlled Airspace Transponder and Mode C Deviations Speed Restriction in Class C and D Airspace The ADIZ (Air Defense Identification Zone) Terminal Radar Service Area ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast TIS-B Traffic Information Service Broadcast Special Use Airspace National Security Area Prohibited Areas Restricted Areas Warning Areas Alert Areas Military Operations Areas Military Training Routes (MTRs) Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) Controlled Firing Area Postflight Briefing #9-1 Temporary Flight Restrictions Postflight Briefing #9-2 Memorizing Visibility Minimums Postflight Briefing #9-3 Airspace: Dimension, Equipment and Pilot Entry Requirements Memory Aid Postflight Briefing #9-4 Variable Floors of Class E Airspace Chapter 10 - Aviation Maps - The Art of the Chart The Aeronautical Sectional Chart VFR Terminal Area Charts. Topographical Information Relief (the sloping of terrain) Color Spot Elevation Symbols Spot Elevations Showing Highest Terrain Maximum Elevation Figures (MEF) Obstacles Roads Railroad Tracks Wires Shorelines, Rivers & Streams Populated Areas Airports Airways VFR Checkpoints Airborne Vehicle Symbols Park, Wildlife, Forest, Wilderness and Primitive Areas Postflight Briefing #10-1 GPS Identified VFR Checkpoints Postflight Briefing #10-2 The Terminal Area Chart Postflight Briefing #10-3 Seattle Sectional Chart Legend Chapter 11 - Radio Navigation - The Frequency Flyer Program Pilotage Electronic Elucidation - VOR Navigation The Big Picture VOR Radials VOR Compass Rose Your VOR Equipment VORs and Airborne Freeways How to Navigate With VOR Intercepting a VOR Course Flying From the VOR on a Selected Course Dual VORs for Position Fixing Reverse Sensing Tracking a Selected VOR Course Identifying the Effect of Wind Reintercepting the Course Applying a Wind Correction Adjusting the Wind Correction Chasing the Needle Radials and Courses The VOR Orienter The Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Area Navigation – RNAV The Global Positioning System—GPS Terms You Need to Know Your GPS in Action Along Track Distance (ATD): Flight Plans Made of Several Waypoints Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) Navigation Postflight Briefing #11-1 VOR Reverse Sensing Postflight Briefing #11-2 The Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) Postflight Briefing #11-3 ADF: Bearing Down on Homing In Postflight Briefing #11-4 Advanced ADF Navigation Postflight Briefing #11-5 VOR Test Signal Postflight Briefing #11-6 Antenna's Galore Chapter 12- Understanding Weather - Looking for Friendly Skies Atmospheric Circulation The Coriolis Force Air Pressure and Vertical Air Movement Getting Water in the Air The Water Content of Warm and Cold Air Two Ways to Cool Air Relative Humidity The Dew Point Condensation and Cloud Formation Lapse Rates and Temperature Inversions Temperature Inversions Effects of Temperature Inversions What to Expect in an Inversion Atmospheric Stability: Warm Over Cold, and Cold Over Warm The Environmental Lapse Rate Rising Parcels of Air Saturated Parcels of Rising Air Clouds and Atmospheric Stability High and Low Pressure Areas Sea and Land Breeze Circulation Keeping It in Perspective Highs and Lows on Weather Maps Circulation in Highs and Lows: Going With the Flow The Answer Is Flowin’ in the Wind Weather Associated With Highs and Lows Keeping It in Perspective Ridges and Troughs Frontal Systems The Polar Front Different Types of Fronts Discontinuities Across a Front Cold Front Characteristics Keeping It in Perspective Two Types of Cold Fronts Cloud Families Warm Fronts Stationary Fronts The Jet Stream Thunderstorms The (Not So Secret) Life of a Thunderstorm Cumulus Stage Mature Stage Dissipating Stage Thunderstorm Types Air Mass Thunderstorms Orographic Thunderstorms Frontal Thunderstorms Squall Lines Thunderstorm Turbulence Virga Thunderstorm Avoidance Lightning Turbulence and Windshear Mountain Waves Temperature Inversions and Windshear Fog Radiation Fog Advection Fog Upslope Fog Precipitation-Induced Fog Ice Fog Steam Fog Weathering the Weather Postflight Briefing #12-1 Advanced Weather Concepts Wave Cyclones (Frontal Waves) Wave Cyclone Weather Patterns Cold Occlusions Warm Occlusions Postflight Briefing #12-2 How the Jet Stream Forms Chapter 13 - Weather Charts - PIREPS, Progs & METARS Aviation Weather Services The Telephone Briefing Other Sources of Weather Information Newspapers Cockpit Weather Uplink SMX Text Cellphone Weather From AFSS Enroute Weather Information Pilot Reports (PIREPS) Weather Reports METAR Automatic Weather Observing Programs ASOS AWOS Terminal Aerodrome Weather Forecasts (TAF) Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA) Introduction Winds Aloft Forecasts (FD) Weather Charts: Getting The Big Picture Surface Analysis Chart NEXRAD Radar Radar Reflectivity dBZs (Reflectivity Values) Storm Intensity Levels Reporting Turbulence Low Level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart Adverse Conditions Alerting Service In-flight Aviation Weather Advisories SIGMET (WS) AIRMET (WA) Graphical AIRMETs Convective SIGMETs (WST) Pilot Reports (PIREPs) Graphical Forecasts for Aviaiton Putting It All Together Chapter 14 - Flight Planning - Getting There From Here What is Flight Planning? Measuring Direction Time Measurement Time Zones Longitude and Latitude on Sectional Charts Cross Country Navigation Our Trip - Flight Planning Flight Planning Step 1—Draw a line between airports or checkpoints Flight Planning Step 2—Determine the true course Flight Planning Step 3—Determine the wind correction angle Using the Wind Side of the Slide Computer The Wind Correction Angle Flight Planning Step 4—Determine the true heading How True Airspeed Affects Your Wind Correction Angle Flight Planning Step 5—Determine the magnetic heading Magnetic Variation Isogonic Lines Compass Deviation Flight Planning Step 6—Determine your compass heading Return Trip From AVA/Memorial to Table Rock Planning an Actual Flight Selecting a Route Measuring the Distance Mileage Between Checkpoints Choosing an Altitude Finding the Compass Heading Estimating Time Enroute and Fuel Consumed A More Accurate Flight Plan Postflight Briefing #14-1 The Mechanical Flight Computer The Number Scale Converting Nautical and Statute Miles Time, Distance and Speed Computations Postflight Briefing #14-2 Finding Density Altitude Finding True Airspeed Finding Your True Altitude Postflight Briefing #14-3 Creating a Wind Triangle Postflight Briefing #14-5 Flight Planning/Weather Briefings by Computer Chapter 15 - Airplane Performance - Know Before You Go Air Density Height Heat Humidity Density Altitude Service Ceiling Performance Charts Best Rate and Best Angle of Climb Speeds Vx and Vy Change With Altitude Cruise Climb Speed Takeoff Distance Chart Landing Distance Performance Charts A Different Landing Distance Chart Time, Fuel and Distance to Climb Chart Cruise Performance Chart Another Variety of Cruise Performance Charts Endurance and Range Profile Charts Crosswind Component Chart Postflight Briefing #15-1 Advanced Density Altitude Lessons Postflight Briefing #15-2 Cruise Performance (time and fuel planning) Chapter 16 - Weight and Balance - Let's Wait & Balance Excessive Weight and Structural Damage Center of Gravity Airplane Stability in Flight Airplane Stability and CG Other CG Considerations Aft CG Loading Forward CG Loading The Center of Lift Moments are Titling Forces Determining the Position of the CG Extra Weight Working an Actual CG Problem Basic Weight and Balance Weight Change Fuel Burn Weight and Balance Weight Shift Chapter 17 - Pilot Potpourri - Neat Aeronautical Information AIM: The Aeronautical Information Manual Fitness for Flight Illness Medication Alcohol Hypoxia Hyperventilation Carbon Monoxide (CO) Ear Health Toynbee Maneuver Spatial Disorientation Visual Illusions Flight Vision Night Vision Haze and Collision Avoidance Scanning for Traffic During the Day Airplanes Converging Head On Night Scanning for Traffic Airplane Blind Spots Filing a VFR Flight Plan FAA and Industry Publications Airport/Facility Directory The Aeronautical Information Manual Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS) Advisory Circulars Aviation Decision Making: Thoughts for Life Two Types of Decisions Factors That Influence Our Decisions Aids That Help With Decision Making Self Awareness and Hazardous Thinking Hazardous Thought Patterns and Their Antidotes Hazardous Attitude Antidotes Being Pilot in Command Crew/Cockpit Resource Management Human Resources Memory Hardware Information Workload Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) Decide The Traditional ADM Model The Non-traditional ADM Model Mental Checklists: PAVE & IMSAFE Postflight Briefing #17-1 Traffic Alerting Systems Postflight Briefing #17-2 ICAO Internation Flight Plan Form Postflight Briefing #17-3 NOTAM Abbreviations Postflight Briefing #17-4 General Abbreviations Products and Index The Senior Editor The Aviation Speakers Bureau Rod Machado’s Products Index Glossary Back of Book