Rocket Propulsion Elements, 7th Edition

Aerospace Engineering/Mechanical Engineering The definitive text on rocket propulsion-now completely revised to reflect rapid advancements in the field For more than fifty years, this seminal text has been regarded as the single most authoritative sourcebook on rocket propulsion technology. More comprehensive and coherently organized than any other book on the subject, Rocket Propulsion Elements guides readers evenhandedly through the complex factors that shape propulsion, with both theory and practical design considerations. With more than a third of the text and illustrations either completely new or extensively revised, this latest edition includes current information on engine structures, nozzle theory, gas properties, thrust chambers, launch vehicles, and more. With a detailed table of contents breaking down each chapter into subsections-as well as an expanded index of key words-the Seventh Edition efficiently steers readers quickly to the information they need. Other highlights include: * Separate chapters on liquid, solid, and hybrid propulsion systems and a new chapter on thrust chambers including the new aerospike nozzle * Comprehensive coverage of rocket propulsion technology, with applications to space flight, satellite flight, and guided and unguided missiles * Problem-solving examples and exercises relevant to actual design situations * More than 340 illustrations, including photographs, tables, and graphs * Coherent, up-to-date chapter on electrical propulsion balancing fundamentals with practical aspects and applications For professional engineers in the aerospace and defense industries as well as undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical and aerospace engineering, this time-honored resource is indispensable for its scope of coverage and utility. 26429_fm.pdf 2 Front Matter 2 Preface 4 Table of Contents -1 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_toc.pdf 9 Front Matter -1 Preface -1 Table of Contents 9 1. Classification -1 1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion -1 1.2. Rocket Propulsion -1 1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion -1 References -1 2. Definitions and Fundamentals -1 2.1. Definitions -1 2.2. Thrust -1 2.3. Exhaust Velocity -1 2.4. Energy and Efficiencies -1 2.5. Typical Performance Values -1 Problems -1 Symbols -1 References -1 3. Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations -1 3.1. Ideal Rocket -1 3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations -1 3.3. Isentropic Flow through Nozzles -1 3.4. Nozzle Configurations -1 3.5. Real Nozzles -1 3.6. Four Performance Parameters -1 3.7. Nozzle Alignment -1 3.8. Variable Thrust -1 Problems -1 Symbols -1 References -1 4. Flight Performance -1 4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight -1 4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere -1 4.3. Basic Relations of Motion -1 4.4. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance -1 4.5. Space Flight -1 4.6. Flight Maneuvers -1 4.7. Flight Vehicles -1 4.8. Military Missiles -1 4.9. Aerodynamic Effect of Exhaust Plumes -1 4.10. Flight Stability -1 Problems -1 Symbols -1 References -1 5. Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis -1 5.1. Background and Fundamentals -1 5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions -1 5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes -1 5.4. Computer Analysis -1 5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations -1 Problems -1 Symbols -1 References -1 6. Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals -1 6.1. Propellants -1 6.2. Propellant Feed Systems -1 6.3. Gas Pressure Feed Systems -1 6.4. Propellant Tanks -1 6.5. Tank Pressurization -1 6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles -1 6.7. Flow and Pressure Balance -1 6.8. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control -1 6.9. Valves and Pipe Lines -1 6.10. Engine Support Structure -1 Problems -1 Symbols -1 References -1 7. Liquid Propellants -1 7.1. Propellant Properties -1 7.2. Liquid Oxidizers -1 7.3. Liquid Fuels -1 7.4. Liquid Monopropellants -1 7.5. Gelled Propellants -1 7.6. Gaseous Propellants -1 7.7. Safety and Environmental Concerns -1 Problems -1 Symbols -1 References -1 8. Thrust Chambers -1 8.1. Injectors -1 8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle -1 8.3. Heat Transfer Analysis -1 8.4. Starting and Ignition -1 8.5. Variable Thrust -1 8.6. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis -1 Problems -1 Symbols -1 References -1 9. Combustion of Liquid Propellants -1 9.1. Combustion Process -1 9.2. Analysis and Simulation -1 9.3. Combustion Instability -1 Problems -1 References -1 10. Turbopumps, Engine Design, Engine Controls, Calibration, Integration, and Optimization -1 10.1. Turbopumps -1 10.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems -1 10.3. Propellant Budget -1 10.4. Engine Design -1 10.5. Engine Controls -1 10.6. Engine System Calibration -1 10.7. System Integration and Engine Optimization -1 Problems -1 Symbols -1 References -1 11. Solid Propellant Rocket Fundamentals -1 11.1. Propellant Burning Rate -1 11.2. Basic Performance Relations -1 11.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration -1 11.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain -1 11.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket Motors -1 Problems -1 Symbols -1 References -1 12. Solid Propellants -1 12.1. Classification -1 12.2. Propellant Characteristics -1 12.3. Hazards -1 12.4. Propellant Ingredients -1 12.5. Other Propellant Categories -1 12.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors -1 12.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture -1 Problems -1 References -1 13. Combustion of Solid Propellants -1 13.1. Physical and Chemical Processes -1 13.2. Ignition Process -1 13.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination -1 13.4. Combustion Instability -1 Problems -1 References -1 14. Solid Rocket Components and Motor Design -1 14.1. Motor Case -1 14.2. Nozzle -1 14.3. Igniter Hardware -1 14.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach -1 Problems -1 References -1 15. Hybrid Propellant Rockets -1 15.1. Applications and Propellants -1 15.2. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration -1 15.3. Design Example -1 15.4. Combustion Instability -1 Symbols -1 References -1 16. Thrust Vector Control -1 16.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle -1 16.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles -1 16.3. Testing -1 16.4. Integration with Vehicle -1 References -1 17. Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems -1 17.1. Selection Process -1 17.2. Criteria for Selection -1 17.3. Interfaces -1 References -1 18. Rocket Exhaust Plumes -1 18.1 Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior -1 18.2. Plume Effects -1 18.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation -1 Problems -1 References -1 19. Electric Propulsion -1 19.1. Ideal Flight Performance -1 19.2. Electrothermal Thrusters -1 19.3. Non-Thermal Electric Thrusters -1 19.4. Optimum Flight Performance -1 19.5. Mission Applications -1 19.6. Electric Space-Power Supplies and Power-Conditioning Systems -1 Problems -1 Symbols -1 References -1 20. Rocket Testing -1 20.1. Types of Tests -1 20.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards -1 20.3. Instrumentation and Data Management -1 20.4. Flight Testing -1 20.5. Postaccident Procedures -1 References -1 Appendix 1: Conversion Factors and Constants -1 Appendix 2: Properties of the Earth's Standard Atmosphere -1 Appendix 3: Summary of Key Equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets -1 Appendix 4: Derivation of Hybrid Fuel Regression Rate Equation in Chapter 15 -1 Appendix 5: Alternative Interpretations of Boundary Layer Blowing Coefficient in Chapter 15 -1 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_01.pdf 15 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 1. Classification 15 1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion 16 1.2. Rocket Propulsion 18 1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion 29 References 39 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_02.pdf 41 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 2. Definitions and Fundamentals 41 2.1. Definitions 41 2.2. Thrust 46 2.3. Exhaust Velocity 48 2.4. Energy and Efficiencies 50 2.5. Typical Performance Values 53 Problems 55 Symbols 57 References 58 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_03.pdf 59 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 3. Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 59 3.1. Ideal Rocket 60 3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations 61 3.3. Isentropic Flow through Nozzles 66 3.4. Nozzle Configurations 89 3.5. Real Nozzles 99 3.6. Four Performance Parameters 106 3.7. Nozzle Alignment 108 3.8. Variable Thrust 110 Problems 111 Symbols 113 References 114 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_04.pdf 116 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 4. Flight Performance 116 4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight 116 4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere 120 4.3. Basic Relations of Motion 122 4.4. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance 129 4.5. Space Flight 131 4.6. Flight Maneuvers 146 4.7. Flight Vehicles 153 4.8. Military Missiles 163 4.9. Aerodynamic Effect of Exhaust Plumes 166 4.10. Flight Stability 167 Problems 168 Symbols 171 References 173 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_05.pdf 174 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 5. Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 174 5.1. Background and Fundamentals 175 5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions 183 5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes 186 5.4. Computer Analysis 193 5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations 194 Problems 207 Symbols 208 References 209 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_06.pdf 211 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 6. Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 211 6.1. Propellants 215 6.2. Propellant Feed Systems 217 6.3. Gas Pressure Feed Systems 219 6.4. Propellant Tanks 225 6.5. Tank Pressurization 232 6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles 235 6.7. Flow and Pressure Balance 241 6.8. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control 242 6.9. Valves and Pipe Lines 246 6.10. Engine Support Structure 249 Problems 250 Symbols 252 References 253 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_07.pdf 255 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 7. Liquid Propellants 255 7.1. Propellant Properties 256 7.2. Liquid Oxidizers 265 7.3. Liquid Fuels 269 7.4. Liquid Monopropellants 273 7.5. Gelled Propellants 275 7.6. Gaseous Propellants 277 7.7. Safety and Environmental Concerns 278 Problems 279 Symbols 280 References 280 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_08.pdf 282 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 8. Thrust Chambers 282 8.1. Injectors 285 8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle 296 8.3. Heat Transfer Analysis 322 8.4. Starting and Ignition 334 8.5. Variable Thrust 337 8.6. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis 338 Problems 349 Symbols 352 References 354 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_09.pdf 356 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 9. Combustion of Liquid Propellants 356 9.1. Combustion Process 357 9.2. Analysis and Simulation 360 9.3. Combustion Instability 362 Problems 374 References 374 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_10.pdf 376 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 10. Turbopumps, Engine Design, Engine Controls, Calibration, Integration, and Optimization 376 10.1. Turbopumps 376 10.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems 398 10.3. Propellant Budget 401 10.4. Engine Design 403 10.5. Engine Controls 410 10.6. Engine System Calibration 419 10.7. System Integration and Engine Optimization 425 Problems 427 Symbols 427 References 429 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_11.pdf 431 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 11. Solid Propellant Rocket Fundamentals 431 11.1. Propellant Burning Rate 433 11.2. Basic Performance Relations 451 11.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration 458 11.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain 467 11.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket Motors 480 Problems 481 Symbols 484 References 485 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_12.pdf 488 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 12. Solid Propellants 488 12.1. Classification 488 12.2. Propellant Characteristics 494 12.3. Hazards 501 12.4. Propellant Ingredients 508 12.5. Other Propellant Categories 519 12.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors 523 12.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture 525 Problems 529 References 532 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_13.pdf 534 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 13. Combustion of Solid Propellants 534 13.1. Physical and Chemical Processes 534 13.2. Ignition Process 538 13.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination 540 13.4. Combustion Instability 542 Problems 551 References 551 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_14.pdf 554 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 14. Solid Rocket Components and Motor Design 554 14.1. Motor Case 554 14.2. Nozzle 564 14.3. Igniter Hardware 577 14.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach 582 Problems 589 References 591 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_15.pdf 593 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 15. Hybrid Propellant Rockets 593 15.1. Applications and Propellants 594 15.2. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration 599 15.3. Design Example 607 15.4. Combustion Instability 613 Symbols 618 References 620 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_16.pdf 622 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 16. Thrust Vector Control 622 16.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle 623 16.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles 634 16.3. Testing 635 16.4. Integration with Vehicle 635 References 637 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_17.pdf 638 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 17. Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems 638 17.1. Selection Process 639 17.2. Criteria for Selection 644 17.3. Interfaces 648 References 652 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_18.pdf 653 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 18. Rocket Exhaust Plumes 653 18.1 Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior 655 18.2. Plume Effects 666 18.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation 671 Problems 672 References 672 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_19.pdf 674 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 19. Electric Propulsion 674 19.1. Ideal Flight Performance 680 19.2. Electrothermal Thrusters 684 19.3. Non-Thermal Electric Thrusters 691 19.4. Optimum Flight Performance 710 19.5. Mission Applications 714 19.6. Electric Space-Power Supplies and Power-Conditioning Systems 715 Problems 720 Symbols 721 References 723 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_20.pdf 725 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 20. Rocket Testing 725 20.1. Types of Tests 725 20.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards 727 20.3. Instrumentation and Data Management 734 20.4. Flight Testing 738 20.5. Postaccident Procedures 739 References 740 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_app.pdf 741 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 Appendix 1: Conversion Factors and Constants 741 Appendix 2: Properties of the Earth's Standard Atmosphere 744 Appendix 3: Summary of Key Equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets 745 Appendix 4: Derivation of Hybrid Fuel Regression Rate Equation in Chapter 15 747 Appendix 5: Alternative Interpretations of Boundary Layer Blowing Coefficient in Chapter 15 751 Index -1 A -1 B -1 C -1 D -1 E -1 F -1 G -1 H -1 I -1 J -1 K -1 L -1 M -1 N -1 O -1 P -1 Q -1 R -1 S -1 T -1 U -1 V -1 W -1 X -1 Y -1 26429_indx.pdf 753 Front Matter -1 Table of Contents -1 Index 753 A 753 B 754 C 754 D 755 E 755 F 756 G 757 H 757 I 758 J 759 K 759 L 759 M 759 N 760 O 760 P 761 Q 761 R 761 S 762 T 764 U 765 V 765 W 765 X 765 Y 765 Front Matter......Page 2 Preface......Page 4 Table of Contents......Page 0 Table of Contents......Page 9 1. Classification......Page 15 1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion......Page 16 1.2. Rocket Propulsion......Page 18 1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion......Page 29 References......Page 39 2.1. Definitions......Page 41 2.2. Thrust......Page 46 2.3. Exhaust Velocity......Page 48 2.4. Energy and Efficiencies......Page 50 2.5. Typical Performance Values......Page 53 Problems......Page 55 Symbols......Page 57 References......Page 58 3. Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations......Page 59 3.1. Ideal Rocket......Page 60 3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations......Page 61 3.3. Isentropic Flow through Nozzles......Page 66 3.4. Nozzle Configurations......Page 89 3.5. Real Nozzles......Page 99 3.6. Four Performance Parameters......Page 106 3.7. Nozzle Alignment......Page 108 3.8. Variable Thrust......Page 110 Problems......Page 111 Symbols......Page 113 References......Page 114 4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight......Page 116 4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere......Page 120 4.3. Basic Relations of Motion......Page 122 4.4. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance......Page 129 4.5. Space Flight......Page 131 4.6. Flight Maneuvers......Page 146 4.7. Flight Vehicles......Page 153 4.8. Military Missiles......Page 163 4.9. Aerodynamic Effect of Exhaust Plumes......Page 166 4.10. Flight Stability......Page 167 Problems......Page 168 Symbols......Page 171 References......Page 173 5. Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis......Page 174 5.1. Background and Fundamentals......Page 175 5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions......Page 183 5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes......Page 186 5.4. Computer Analysis......Page 193 5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations......Page 194 Problems......Page 207 Symbols......Page 208 References......Page 209 6. Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals......Page 211 6.1. Propellants......Page 215 6.2. Propellant Feed Systems......Page 217 6.3. Gas Pressure Feed Systems......Page 219 6.4. Propellant Tanks......Page 225 6.5. Tank Pressurization......Page 232 6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles......Page 235 6.7. Flow and Pressure Balance......Page 241 6.8. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control......Page 242 6.9. Valves and Pipe Lines......Page 246 6.10. Engine Support Structure......Page 249 Problems......Page 250 Symbols......Page 252 References......Page 253 7. Liquid Propellants......Page 255 7.1. Propellant Properties......Page 256 7.2. Liquid Oxidizers......Page 265 7.3. Liquid Fuels......Page 269 7.4. Liquid Monopropellants......Page 273 7.5. Gelled Propellants......Page 275 7.6. Gaseous Propellants......Page 277 7.7. Safety and Environmental Concerns......Page 278 Problems......Page 279 References......Page 280 8. Thrust Chambers......Page 282 8.1. Injectors......Page 285 8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle......Page 296 8.3. Heat Transfer Analysis......Page 322 8.4. Starting and Ignition......Page 334 8.5. Variable Thrust......Page 337 8.6. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis......Page 338 Problems......Page 349 Symbols......Page 352 References......Page 354 9. Combustion of Liquid Propellants......Page 356 9.1. Combustion Process......Page 357 9.2. Analysis and Simulation......Page 360 9.3. Combustion Instability......Page 362 References......Page 374 10.1. Turbopumps......Page 376 10.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems......Page 398 10.3. Propellant Budget......Page 401 10.4. Engine Design......Page 403 10.5. Engine Controls......Page 410 10.6. Engine System Calibration......Page 419 10.7. System Integration and Engine Optimization......Page 425 Symbols......Page 427 References......Page 429 11. Solid Propellant Rocket Fundamentals......Page 431 11.1. Propellant Burning Rate......Page 433 11.2. Basic Performance Relations......Page 451 11.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration......Page 458 11.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain......Page 467 11.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket Motors......Page 480 Problems......Page 481 Symbols......Page 484 References......Page 485 12.1. Classification......Page 488 12.2. Propellant Characteristics......Page 494 12.3. Hazards......Page 501 12.4. Propellant Ingredients......Page 508 12.5. Other Propellant Categories......Page 519 12.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors......Page 523 12.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture......Page 525 Problems......Page 529 References......Page 532 13.1. Physical and Chemical Processes......Page 534 13.2. Ignition Process......Page 538 13.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination......Page 540 13.4. Combustion Instability......Page 542 References......Page 551 14.1. Motor Case......Page 554 14.2. Nozzle......Page 564 14.3. Igniter Hardware......Page 577 14.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach......Page 582 Problems......Page 589 References......Page 591 15. Hybrid Propellant Rockets......Page 593 15.1. Applications and Propellants......Page 594 15.2. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration......Page 599 15.3. Design Example......Page 607 15.4. Combustion Instability......Page 613 Symbols......Page 618 References......Page 620 16. Thrust Vector Control......Page 622 16.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle......Page 623 16.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles......Page 634 16.4. Integration with Vehicle......Page 635 References......Page 637 17. Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems......Page 638 17.1. Selection Process......Page 639 17.2. Criteria for Selection......Page 644 17.3. Interfaces......Page 648 References......Page 652 18. Rocket Exhaust Plumes......Page 653 18.1 Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior......Page 655 18.2. Plume Effects......Page 666 18.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation......Page 671 References......Page 672 19. Electric Propulsion......Page 674 19.1. Ideal Flight Performance......Page 680 19.2. Electrothermal Thrusters......Page 684 19.3. Non-Thermal Electric Thrusters......Page 691 19.4. Optimum Flight Performance......Page 710 19.5. Mission Applications......Page 714 19.6. Electric Space-Power Supplies and Power-Conditioning Systems......Page 715 Problems......Page 720 Symbols......Page 721 References......Page 723 20.1. Types of Tests......Page 725 20.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards......Page 727 20.3. Instrumentation and Data Management......Page 734 20.4. Flight Testing......Page 738 20.5. Postaccident Procedures......Page 739 References......Page 740 Appendix 1: Conversion Factors and Constants......Page 741 Appendix 2: Properties of the Earth's Standard Atmosphere......Page 744 Appendix 3: Summary of Key Equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets......Page 745 Appendix 4: Derivation of Hybrid Fuel Regression Rate Equation in Chapter 15......Page 747 Appendix 5: Alternative Interpretations of Boundary Layer Blowing Coefficient in Chapter 15......Page 751 A......Page 753 C......Page 754 E......Page 755 F......Page 756 H......Page 757 I......Page 758 M......Page 759 O......Page 760 R......Page 761 S......Page 762 T......Page 764 Y......Page 765 "With more than a third of the text and illustrations either completely new or extensively revised, this latest edition includes current information on engine structures, nozzle theory, gas properties, thrust chambers, launch vehicles, and more. With a detailed table of contents breaking down each chapter into subsections - as well as an expanded index of key words - the Seventh Edition efficiently steers readers quickly to the information they need." "For professional engineers in the aerospace and defense industries as well as undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical and aerospace engineering, this time-honored resource is indispensable for its scope of coverage and utility."--Jacket