Rocket Propulsion Elements

**The definitive text on rocket propulsion—now revised to reflect advancements in the field**For sixty years, Sutton's __Rocket Propulsion Elements__ has been regarded as the single most authoritative sourcebook on rocket propulsion technology. As with the previous edition, coauthored with Oscar Biblarz, the Eighth Edition of __Rocket Propulsion Elements__ offers a thorough introduction to basic principles of rocket propulsion for guided missiles, space flight, or satellite flight. It describes the physical mechanisms and designs for various types of rockets' and provides an understanding of how rocket propulsion is applied to flying vehicles. Updated and strengthened throughout, the Eighth Edition explores: * The fundamentals of rocket propulsion, its essential technologies, and its key design rationale * The various types of rocket propulsion systems, physical phenomena, and essential relationships * The latest advances in the field such as changes in materials, systems design, propellants, applications, and manufacturing technologies, with a separate new chapter devoted to turbopumps * Liquid propellant rocket engines and solid propellant rocket motors, the two most prevalent of the rocket propulsion systems, with in-depth consideration of advances in hybrid rockets and electrical space propulsion Comprehensive and coherently organized, this seminal text guides readers evenhandedly through the complex factors that shape rocket propulsion, with both theory and practical design considerations. Professional engineers in the aerospace and defense industries as well as students in mechanical and aerospace engineering will find this updated classic indispensable for its scope of coverage and utility. Rocket Propulsion Elements......Page 3 Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 15 1 Classification......Page 19 1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion......Page 20 1.2. Rocket Propulsion......Page 22 1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion......Page 32 References......Page 44 2.1. Definitions......Page 46 2.2. Thrust......Page 51 2.3. Exhaust Velocity......Page 54 2.4. Energy and Efficiencies......Page 56 2.5. Multiple Propulsion Systems......Page 58 2.6. Typical Performance Values......Page 59 Problems......Page 61 Symbols......Page 63 References......Page 64 3 Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations......Page 65 3.1. Ideal Rocket......Page 66 3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations......Page 67 3.3. Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles......Page 71 3.4. Nozzle Configurations......Page 93 3.5. Real Nozzles......Page 103 3.6. Nozzle Alignment......Page 114 Problems......Page 115 Symbols......Page 118 References......Page 119 4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight......Page 121 4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere......Page 125 4.3. Basic Relations of Motion......Page 128 4.4. Space Flight......Page 134 4.5. Flight Maneuvers......Page 149 4.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance......Page 155 4.7. Flight Vehicles......Page 157 4.8. Military Missiles......Page 166 4.9. Flight Stability......Page 170 Problems......Page 171 Symbols......Page 173 References......Page 175 5 Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis......Page 176 5.1. Background and Fundamentals......Page 177 5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions......Page 183 5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes......Page 188 5.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis......Page 193 5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations......Page 194 Problems......Page 208 Symbols......Page 209 References......Page 210 6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals......Page 212 6.1. Types of Propellants......Page 216 6.2. Propellant Tanks......Page 219 6.3. Propellant Feed Systems......Page 226 6.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems......Page 228 6.5. Tank Pressurization......Page 235 6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles......Page 239 6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control......Page 247 6.8. Engine Families......Page 251 6.9. Valves and Pipelines......Page 254 6.10. Engine Support Structure......Page 257 Problems......Page 258 Symbols......Page 260 References......Page 261 7 Liquid Propellants......Page 263 7.1. Propellant Properties......Page 264 7.2. Liquid Oxidizers......Page 274 7.3. Liquid Fuels......Page 277 7.4. Liquid Monopropellants......Page 281 7.5. Gelled Propellants......Page 283 7.6. Gaseous Propellants......Page 284 7.7. Safety and Environmental Concerns......Page 285 Problems......Page 286 References......Page 287 8 Thrust Chambers......Page 289 8.1. Injectors......Page 294 8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle......Page 303 8.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters......Page 319 8.4. Materials and Fabrication......Page 323 8.5. Heat Transfer Analysis......Page 329 8.6. Starting and Ignition......Page 341 8.7. Random Variable Thrust......Page 344 8.8. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis......Page 346 Problems......Page 357 Symbols......Page 360 References......Page 362 9.1. Combustion Process......Page 364 9.2. Analysis and Simulation......Page 368 9.3. Combustion Instability......Page 370 References......Page 382 10.1. Introduction......Page 384 10.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopumps......Page 385 10.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration......Page 390 10.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances......Page 394 10.5. Pumps......Page 396 10.6. Turbines......Page 405 10.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design......Page 409 10.8. Gas Generators and Preburners......Page 412 Problems......Page 413 Symbols......Page 414 References......Page 415 11.1. Propellant Budget......Page 417 11.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems......Page 419 11.3. Engine Design......Page 421 11.4. Engine Controls......Page 429 11.5. Engine System Calibration......Page 441 11.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization......Page 448 Symbols......Page 450 References......Page 451 12 Solid Propellant Rocket Fundamentals......Page 453 12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate......Page 455 12.2. Other Performance Issues......Page 476 12.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration......Page 481 12.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain......Page 490 12.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket Motors......Page 501 Problems......Page 503 Symbols......Page 506 References......Page 507 13.1. Classification......Page 510 13.2. Propellant Characteristics......Page 516 13.3. Hazards......Page 523 13.4. Propellant Ingredients......Page 530 13.5. Other Propellant Categories......Page 540 13.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors......Page 544 13.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture......Page 547 Problems......Page 550 References......Page 553 14.1. Physical and Chemical Processes......Page 555 14.2. Ignition Process......Page 559 14.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination......Page 561 14.4. Combustion Instability......Page 563 Problems......Page 571 References......Page 572 15.1. Motor Case......Page 574 15.2. Nozzles......Page 582 15.3. Igniter Hardware......Page 596 15.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach......Page 601 Problems......Page 608 References......Page 610 16 Hybrid Propellant Rockets......Page 612 16.1. Applications and Propellants......Page 614 16.2. Interior Hybrid Motor Ballistics......Page 618 16.3. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration......Page 622 16.4. Design Example......Page 627 16.5. Combustion Instability......Page 631 Problems......Page 635 Symbols......Page 636 References......Page 638 17 Electric Propulsion......Page 640 17.1. Ideal Flight Performance......Page 646 17.2. Electrothermal Thrusters......Page 651 17.3. Nonthermal Electrical Thrusters......Page 658 17.4. Optimum Flight Performance......Page 674 17.5. Mission Applications......Page 679 17.6. Electric Space-Power Supplies and Power-Conditioning Systems......Page 681 Problems......Page 685 Symbols......Page 687 References......Page 689 18 Thrust Vector Control......Page 691 18.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle......Page 693 18.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles......Page 703 18.4. Integration with Vehicle......Page 705 Problems......Page 706 References......Page 707 19 Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems......Page 709 19.1. Selection Process......Page 711 19.2. Criteria for Selection......Page 717 19.3. Interfaces......Page 723 References......Page 727 20 Rocket Exhaust Plumes......Page 728 20.1. Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior......Page 730 20.2. Plume Effects......Page 743 20.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation......Page 747 Problems......Page 748 References......Page 749 21.1. Types of Tests......Page 751 21.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards......Page 753 21.3. Instrumentation and Data Management......Page 760 21.4. Flight Testing......Page 764 21.5. Postaccident Procedures......Page 765 References......Page 766 Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants......Page 767 Appendix 2 Properties of the Earth’s Standard Atmosphere......Page 770 Appendix 3 Summary of Key Equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets......Page 771 Index......Page 773 Rocket Propulsion Elements 3 Contents 7 Preface 15 1 Classification 19 1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion 20 1.2. Rocket Propulsion 22 1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion 32 References 44 2 Definitions and Fundamentals 46 2.1. Definitions 46 2.2. Thrust 51 2.3. Exhaust Velocity 54 2.4. Energy and Efficiencies 56 2.5. Multiple Propulsion Systems 58 2.6. Typical Performance Values 59 Problems 61 Symbols 63 References 64 3 Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 65 3.1. Ideal Rocket 66 3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations 67 3.3. Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles 71 3.4. Nozzle Configurations 93 3.5. Real Nozzles 103 3.6. Nozzle Alignment 114 Problems 115 Symbols 118 References 119 4 Flight Performance 121 4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight 121 4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere 125 4.3. Basic Relations of Motion 128 4.4. Space Flight 134 4.5. Flight Maneuvers 149 4.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance 155 4.7. Flight Vehicles 157 4.8. Military Missiles 166 4.9. Flight Stability 170 Problems 171 Symbols 173 References 175 5 Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 176 5.1. Background and Fundamentals 177 5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions 183 5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes 188 5.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis 193 5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations 194 Problems 208 Symbols 209 References 210 6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 212 6.1. Types of Propellants 216 6.2. Propellant Tanks 219 6.3. Propellant Feed Systems 226 6.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems 228 6.5. Tank Pressurization 235 6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles 239 6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control 247 6.8. Engine Families 251 6.9. Valves and Pipelines 254 6.10. Engine Support Structure 257 Problems 258 Symbols 260 References 261 7 Liquid Propellants 263 7.1. Propellant Properties 264 7.2. Liquid Oxidizers 274 7.3. Liquid Fuels 277 7.4. Liquid Monopropellants 281 7.5. Gelled Propellants 283 7.6. Gaseous Propellants 284 7.7. Safety and Environmental Concerns 285 Problems 286 Symbols 287 References 287 8 Thrust Chambers 289 8.1. Injectors 294 8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle 303 8.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters 319 8.4. Materials and Fabrication 323 8.5. Heat Transfer Analysis 329 8.6. Starting and Ignition 341 8.7. Random Variable Thrust 344 8.8. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis 346 Problems 357 Symbols 360 References 362 9 Liquid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 364 9.1. Combustion Process 364 9.2. Analysis and Simulation 368 9.3. Combustion Instability 370 Problems 382 References 382 10 Turbopumps and Their Gas Supplies 384 10.1. Introduction 384 10.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopumps 385 10.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration 390 10.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances 394 10.5. Pumps 396 10.6. Turbines 405 10.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design 409 10.8. Gas Generators and Preburners 412 Problems 413 Symbols 414 References 415 11 Engine Systems, Controls, and Integration 417 11.1. Propellant Budget 417 11.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems 419 11.3. Engine Design 421 11.4. Engine Controls 429 11.5. Engine System Calibration 441 11.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization 448 Problems 450 Symbols 450 References 451 12 Solid Propellant Rocket Fundamentals 453 12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate 455 12.2. Other Performance Issues 476 12.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration 481 12.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain 490 12.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket Motors 501 Problems 503 Symbols 506 References 507 13 Solid Propellants 510 13.1. Classification 510 13.2. Propellant Characteristics 516 13.3. Hazards 523 13.4. Propellant Ingredients 530 13.5. Other Propellant Categories 540 13.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors 544 13.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture 547 Problems 550 References 553 14 Solid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 555 14.1. Physical and Chemical Processes 555 14.2. Ignition Process 559 14.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination 561 14.4. Combustion Instability 563 Problems 571 References 572 15 Solid Rocket Components and Motor Design 574 15.1. Motor Case 574 15.2. Nozzles 582 15.3. Igniter Hardware 596 15.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach 601 Problems 608 References 610 16 Hybrid Propellant Rockets 612 16.1. Applications and Propellants 614 16.2. Interior Hybrid Motor Ballistics 618 16.3. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration 622 16.4. Design Example 627 16.5. Combustion Instability 631 Problems 635 Symbols 636 References 638 17 Electric Propulsion 640 17.1. Ideal Flight Performance 646 17.2. Electrothermal Thrusters 651 17.3. Nonthermal Electrical Thrusters 658 17.4. Optimum Flight Performance 674 17.5. Mission Applications 679 17.6. Electric Space-Power Supplies and Power-Conditioning Systems 681 Problems 685 Symbols 687 References 689 18 Thrust Vector Control 691 18.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle 693 18.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles 703 18.3. Testing 705 18.4. Integration with Vehicle 705 Problems 706 References 707 19 Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems 709 19.1. Selection Process 711 19.2. Criteria for Selection 717 19.3. Interfaces 723 References 727 20 Rocket Exhaust Plumes 728 20.1. Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior 730 20.2. Plume Effects 743 20.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation 747 Problems 748 References 749 21 Rocket Testing 751 21.1. Types of Tests 751 21.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards 753 21.3. Instrumentation and Data Management 760 21.4. Flight Testing 764 21.5. Postaccident Procedures 765 References 766 Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants 767 Appendix 2 Properties of the Earth’s Standard Atmosphere 770 Appendix 3 Summary of Key Equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets 771 Index 773 The definitive text on rocket propulsion—now revised to reflect advancements in the field For sixty years, Sutton's Rocket Propulsion Elements has been regarded as the single most authoritative sourcebook on rocket propulsion technology. As with the previous edition, coauthored with Oscar Biblarz, the Eighth Edition of Rocket Propulsion Elements offers a thorough introduction to basic principles of rocket propulsion for guided missiles, space flight, or satellite flight. It describes the physical mechanisms and designs for various types of rockets' and provides an understanding of how rocket propulsion is applied to flying vehicles. Updated and strengthened throughout, the Eighth Edition explores: The fundamentals of rocket propulsion, its essential technologies, and its key design rationale The various types of rocket propulsion systems, physical phenomena, and essential relationships The latest advances in the field such as changes in materials, systems design, propellants, applications, and manufacturing technologies, with a separate new chapter devoted to turbopumps Liquid propellant rocket engines and solid propellant rocket motors, the two most prevalent of the rocket propulsion systems, with in-depth consideration of advances in hybrid rockets and electrical space propulsion Comprehensive and coherently organized, this seminal text guides readers evenhandedly through the complex factors that shape rocket propulsion, with both theory and practical design considerations. Professional engineers in the aerospace and defense industries as well as students in mechanical and aerospace engineering will find this updated classic indispensable for its scope of coverage and utility. Classification Definitions and fundamentals Nozzle theory and thermodynamic relations Flight performance Chemical rocket propellant performance analysis Liquid propellant rocket engine fundamentals Liquid propellants Thrust chambers Liquid propellant combustion and its stability Turboprops and their gas supplies Engine systems, controls, and integration Solid propellant rocket fundamentals Solid propellants Solid propellant combustion and its stability Solid rocket components and motor design Hybrid propellant rockets Electric propulsion Thrust vector control Selection of rocket propulsion systems Rocket exhaust plumes Rocket testing. "This eighth edition follows earlier editions and focuses on the subject of rocket propulsion, its fundamentals, its essential technologies, and its key design rationale. It describes the various types of rocket propulsion systems, physical phenomena, and essential relationships. It aims to balance a rigorous introduction of fundamentals with tables, figures, and recent information that can be of interest to practitioners. It endeavors to provide a clearer explanation of the basic physics and chemistry of rocket propulsion and some of its design approaches." --Preface, page xiii For nearly sixty years, this seminal text has been regarded as the single most authoritative sourcebook on rocket propulsion technology.