Roads and Airports Pavement Surface Characteristics : Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Pavement Surface Characteristics (SURF 2022, 12 – 14 September 2022, Milan, Italy)

Roads and Airports Pavement Surface Characteristics contains the papers presented at the 9th International Symposium on Pavement Surface Characteristics (SURF 2022, Milan, Italy, 12-14 September 2022). The symposium was jointly organized by the Italian company that manages Italy’s National Roads (ANAS –Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane Group), the World Road Association (PIARC) and Politecnico di Milano. The contributions aim to improve the quality of pavement surface characteristics while accomplishing efficiency, safety, sustainability, and addressing new generation mobility needs. The book covers topics from emerging research to engineering practice, and is divided in the following sections - Advanced and performing construction methods and equipment - Next generation mobility - Data monitoring and performance assessment - Surface features and performances - Maintenance and preservation treatments - Pavement management - Economic and political strategies - Safety and risk issues - Minimizing road impacts - Sustainability and performances issues about materials and design - Pavements surfaces and urban heat islands - Weather conditions impact - Airport pavements Roads and Airports Pavement Surface Characteristics is of interest to academics, engineers and professionals in the fields of pavement engineering, transport infrastructure, and related disciplines. Cover Table of Contents Preface Chairman’s Note Chair & Committees Hosting Institution Sponsors Patronages Advanced and performing construction methods and equipments Improved accelerated ageing of asphalt samples in the laboratory 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Asphalt and binder ageing 1.1.2 Asphalt mixture applications 1.1.3 Accelerated ageing protocols 2 Discussion 2.1 Ageing of binders or mixtures 2.2 Replicating field ageing conditions 2.3 Representative ageing protocols 2.4 Indicators of ageing 3 Conclusion References Optimization of reinstating drill core holes – laboratory investigation and accelerated pavement testing 1 Introduction 2 Different Drill Core Reinstatement Variants 2.1 Laboratory evaluation 2.1.1 Concept 2.1.2 Durability tests 2.1.3 Leakage tests 2.1.4 Findings 2.1.5 Full-scale test 2.1.6 Long-time evaluation 2.1.7 Accelerated pavement testing 3 Summary References Comparative investigation on the use of fibers into porous bituminous mixtures 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review and Scope 3 Experimentation 3.1 Key materials 3.2 Experimental plan 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Compaction properties 4.2 Volumetric characteristics 4.3 Mechanical performances 4.4 Functional performances 5 Conclusions References Innovative cement-based material as environmental and efficient technical alternative for pavements 1 Background 2 Preliminary Laboratory Evaluation 3 In-Situ Experiences 3.1 In plant production and laying down operation 3.2 Trial section 1 and 2 3.3 Trial section 3 3.4 Trial section 4 – work in progress 4 Conclusions and Discussion References Field evaluation of different rollers effect on the compaction of hot mix asphalt overlays using an electromagnetic densitometer 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Instruments 4 Materials 5 Test Methods 5.1 Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) 5.2 Calibration of electromagnetic densitometer 5.3 Main operation procedure 6 Result and Discussion 6.1 Babaei Highway results 6.2 Meygoon road results 7 Conclusion References The use of aggregates with different resistance to polishing in wearing courses 1 Introduction 2 Designed Asphalt Mixtures 2.1 SMA 11 2.2 AC 11 3 Friction After Polishing and Longitudinal Friction Coefficient Measurements 3.1 SMA 11 3.2 AC 11 4 Conclusion References Experimental analysis of asphalt concrete modified with polymeric compounds including steel slags as an alternative to basaltic aggregates 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Aggregates 2.2 Bitumen 2.3 Polymeric compound and additive 2.4 Mix-design and performance tests 3 Experimental Results 4 Discussions and Conclusions References Grip mastic asphalt – high friction asphalt for wearing course with the addition of steel slag 1 Introduction 2 Overview of the Available Solutions to Improve Adherence 3 Alternative Solutions for High Adhesion Wearing Course 4 The Grip Mastic Asphalt (GMA) 4.1 The field section 4.2 Field measurements of the adherence with GMA 4.2.1 First analysis 4.3 Cost analysis of the GMA 5 Conclusions References Development of new method for detecting partial deformation and subsidence of porous asphalt surface layer and examination of new management criteria 1 Characteristics of Porous Asphalt Mixture 2 Effects and Peculiar Deformation of Porous Asphalt Pavement 2.1 Traffic safety effect 2.2 Noise reducing effect 3 Damage Caused by Stripping of Base Course Layer 4 Pavement Management Criteria 5 Deformations Requiring Repairs And Management Method of Porous Asphalt Pavement 6 Issues Facing Road Surface Management of Porous Asphalt Pavement 7 Examining Evaluation Method of Partial Deformation of Porous Asphalt Pavement 7.1 Creating three-dimensional point cloud data with transvers profile 7.2 Method for aggregating the amount of change in three-dimensional point cloud data 7.3 Examination of visualization method 7.4 Confirmation of coloring pattern according to standard deviation (&x003C3;) of road surface height 8 Verification of Evaluation Method for Partial Deformation of Porous Asphalt Pavement 9 Study of Management Criteria (Draft) by Standard Deviation (&x003A3;) of Road Surface Height 10 Examination of Repair Plan (Draft) Applying Standard Deviation (&x003A3;) of Road Surface Height 11 Summary 12 Conclusion References Next generation mobility (light, electrical, autonomous) Rutting effects on electrified asphalt roads embedding electric vehicles charging units 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Objectives 4 Rutting Resistance: General Approach 4.1 Methodology 4.2 Results and discussion 5 Rutting Resistance: a Case Study 5.1 Methodology 5.2 Results and discussion 6 Conclusions References Transparent communication and improvement of cycle path maintenance for an increase in bicycle use 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Setting 2.2 Guided interviews with those in charge of cycle path maintenance 2.3 Online user survey 3 Results 3.1 Results of the interviews 3.2 Results of the online user survey 3.3 Lessons learnt from both surveys 3.4 Results of the measures applied until now 4 Discussion References Freeway interchanges maintenance operations. Preliminary safety analysis of connected automated vehicles impact on road traffic 1 Introduction 2 Related Research 3 Data Collection and Methodology 3.1 Vissim analysis 3.2 Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs) introduction 3.3 Traffic conflict analysis 4 Findings and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Safety aspects of e-scooters in urban areas: Preliminary results on citizens&x02019; perception, users&x02019; behavior and role of pavement 1 Introduction 2 Goals and Literature Review 3 Investigation Methods 3.1 Italian citizens&x02019; opinion on e-scooters&x02019; effects on urban mobility safety 3.2 On-site observation of e-scooter users&x02019; behavior in Milan 3.3 E-scooters-pavement interaction by field tests. 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Italian citizens&x02019; opinion on e-scooters&x02019; effects on urban mobility safety 4.2 On-site observation of e-scooter users&x02019; behavior in Milan 4.3 E-scooters-pavement interaction by field tests 5 Conclusions References Indirect IRI estimation through smart tyre technology 1 Introduction 1.1 IRI 1.2 Smart tyre 2 Methodology 3 Testing Campaign 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Inductive systems for electric vehicles: Optimization of the charging units embedded into road pavement 1 Introduction and Literature Review 2 Objectives 3 Optimization of Void CU Shape and Dimension 4 Structural response of e-road_void CU 5 Conclusions References Data monitoring and performance assessment Probe vehicle data as input source for road maintenance 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Probe Vehicle Data Eco-System 3.1 In-vehicle measurements 3.2 Road roughness 3.3 Road obstacles 3.4 Road friction measurements 3.5 Data transfer to the cloud 3.6 Cloud processing 3.7 Data aggregation - Road roughness 3.8 Data aggregation - Road obstacles 3.9 Data aggregation - Slippery when wet 3.10 Data verification and validation 4 Nira Solutions 4.1 Current road state - Inventory 4.2 Road state trend – Deviation detection 4.3 Viaduct – Broken drainage 4.3 Alerts – Highlight 5 Conclusions References Analysis and visualization for pavement condition assessment using network-level survey data 1 Background 2 Network Referencing System and Data Formats 3 Safety Condition Assessment 3.1 Different types of asphalt mixes used in Singapore 3.2 Data analysis and visualisation of skid resistance 3.3 Case study on skid resistance performance of different asphalt mixes on expressways 4 Structural Condition Assessment 4.1 Identification of hotspots using the LCMS and FWD data 4.2 Comparison of measured FWD deflections with the 3D numerical simulation 5 Summary References Simplified road pavement surface deterioration model in urban area 1 Introduction 2 Data Description and Research Method 2.1 Overview of the research method 2.2 Road section 2.3 Distresses evaluation 2.4 Road pavement structure characterization 2.5 Road pavement age 2.6 Traffic demand 2.7 Data analysis 2.8 Distress trend model fitting 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Road asset management with a mobile game and artificial intelligence 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection and Processing 2.1 Current methodology 2.2 Implementation of pilot measurements 2.3 Defect detection using Artificial Intelligence 3 Results 3.1 Survey results 3.2 Control survey 3.3 Road user needs 3.4 New condition index 3.5 Maintenance planning 4 Conclusions References Comprehensive road infrastructure measurements – The solution for the next generation sustainable road infrastructure 1 Introduction – Better Roads Equals Safer Roads 1.1 The challenges today for a sustainable road infrastructure 1.2 What are Comprehensive measurements 1.3 Measuring pavement structural condition 2 Measuring Pavement Surface Condition 2.1 Automatic Crack Detection (ACD) 2.2 ACD systems pavement profiling 2.3 Digital laser profile measurement 2.4 Digital imagery 2.5 Handling BIG data 2.6 Data processing 2.7 Visual assessment of collected data 2.8 Advanced filtering of road network data 2.9 How does Comprehensive measurements support selective UN 2030 goals? 2.10 Address road safety whilst utilising the iPAVe 3 Conclusion References Comparison of bearing capacity measurements with the Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD) and surface characteristics on intra-urban roads in Germany 1 Introduction 2 Structural Performance of the Pavement 3 Measurement System and Data Processing 4 Investigation of Possible Influences of Vehicle Dynamics on the Measurement Results 5 Repeatability of the Measurements 6 Evaluation of Bearing Capacity 7 Example for the Evaluation of the Individual Road Classes 8 Summary and Outlook References The fundamental characteristics of sideway-force skid resistance measurement devices 1 Introduction 2 The Sideway-Force Coefficient Route Investigation Machine 3 Nomenclature 4 Generation of Hypotheses 5 Experimentally Challenging the Hypotheses 5.1 Equipment used 5.2 Materials assessed and measurements made 5.3 Data assessment and results 6 Conclusions, Discussion and Recommendations for Future Work References Alternative methods of road condition monitoring 1 Research Gap and Motivation 2 Condition Characteristics of an Asphalt Road 3 Qualification of the Gopro as a Measuring System 4 Performing Measurements with the Gopro 5 Output Data From The Gopro 6 Synchronisation of Acceleration and GPS Data 7 Evaluation of the Data 8 Conclusion and Outlook References The multi-speed deflectometer: New technology developed for traffic-speed non-destructive structural testing of pavements 1 Introduction 2 Comparison of Tsd, Fwd and Msd 3 Msd Design Objectives 4 Msd Data Collection And Rationale For Interpretation 5 Msd Outputs 5.1 Basic MSD outputs 5.2 Empirical MSD outputs 5.3 Developmental MSD outputs 6 MSD CASE HISTORIES 6.1 Auckland transport, Auckland, New Zealand 6.2 Rome municipality, Rome, Italy 6.3 Florence municipality, Florence, Italy 7 Conclusions References Road condition monitoring and assessment in Germany – how to use the data for pavement analysis 1 Introduction 2 Road Monitoring and Assessment 2.1 Measurement techniques and condition parameters 2.1.1 Longitudinal and transverse evenness 2.1.2 Skid-resistance 2.1.3 Surface damages 2.2 Quality assurance 2.3 Method of assessment and data management 3 Development of the Road Surface Condition as a Decision-Making Aid for Network Managers 4 Summary and Conclusions References Human-centered evaluation with biosignals for localized surface roughness on expressway pavements 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Complaint and Road Surface Condition 2.1 Distribution of road surface-related complaints 2.2 Target road surface 3 DRIVING SIMULATOR EXPERIMENT 3.1 Apparatus 3.2 Biosignals interpretation 3.3 Test scenario 4 Road Surface Evaluation Method 4.1 Analysis of two gaps 4.2 Analysis of road surface characteristics associated with mental stress 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Gaps between maintenance criteria and rating of users 5.2 Road surface characteristics associated with mental stress 6 Conclusions References Surface features and performances Medium to long term stockpiling performance of bitumen stabilized materials 1 Introduction 2 Current Bsm Specifications 3 Experimental Setup 4 Experimental Results &x00026; Discussion 4.1 Shear properties 4.2 Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) 4.3 Dissipated energy (Flexibility) 5 Conclusions &x00026; Recommendations References A correlation between laser-based device and close range photogrammetry technique for road pavement macrotexture estimation 1 Introduction 2 Brief Overview on Macrotexture Estimation 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry 4 Experimental Campaign 5 Analysis of the Results 6 Conclusions References Skid resistance and braking distance revisited – The case of grinding 1 Motivation 2 Experimental Design 3 Setup Brake Tests 3.1 Planning 3.2 Hardware 4 Setup Skid Resistance Measurements 5 Realisation Of The Brake Tests And Skid Resistance Measurements 6 Analysis 6.1 Brake tests 6.2 Skid resistance 6.3 Relationship between skid resistance and braking distance 7 Conclusions References A methodology to assist in the management of friction supply on the Irish national road network 1 Introduction 2 Models and data Used 2.1 The point mass model 2.2 Variables included in the model 2.3 Pavement data 2.4 Investigatory level and the friction residual 2.5 Operating speed model 3 Practical Application 3.1 Case study 4 Conclusions References Reference calculations and implementation of mean profile depth 1 Introduction 2 Purpose of the Study 3 The Mpd Standard – A Historical View 4 The Mpd Calculation Principles 5 Results 6 Conclusions 7 Discussion References Pavement friction characterization with the Wehner &x00026; Schulze (W&x00026;S) machine 1 Introduction 1.1 W&x00026;S machine and skid resistance 1.2 The main studies carried out with the W&x00026;S machine 2 Materials and Procedures 3 The Main Role of The 6/10 Aggregates 4 The Main Role Of The 0/6 Aggregates 5 Study of d. Zhao adhesion prediction model: limitations and potential for improvement Conclusion References Improving the understanding of user experience of ride quality 1 Introduction 2 A Methodology for Quantifying User Experience of Ride Quality 3 User Trial Design 4 The User Trials 5 Findings 5.1 Effect of demographic / group 5.2 A representative user rating of roughness for each length 5.3 Comparison between user ratings of roughness and profile 5.4 A representative user rating of bumpiness for each length 5.5 Comparison between user ratings of bumpiness and profile 5.6 Rating and identifying lengths users would consider to have poor ride quality 6 Conclusions References Are there new ways to improve the asphalt mixtures&x00027; surface functions? For sure! By functionalization process 1 Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Asphalt mixture 2.2 Particles characteristics 2.3 Sampling 2.4 Functionalization procedure 2.5 Analysis procedure 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Characterization of surface roughness on the basis of vibration response corresponding to the ride quality of micromobilities 1 Introduction 2 Tested Road Surfaces 3 Apparatus 4 Relationship Between Acceleration and Texture 5 Frequency Response Function 5.1 Electric standing scooters 5.2 Handle-type and joystick-type four-wheel mobility scooters 5.3 Human-powered bicycles 6 Discussion 7 Conclusions References How modern petrographic analysis of roadstone aggregate can provide a better understanding of their frictional properties 1 Introduction 2 Methodologies 2.1 Mechanical testing 2.2 Digital metrology (microtexture measurements) 2.3 Raman spectroscopy 3. Results 3.1 Mechanical testing 3.2 Digital metrology 3.3 Petrography/Raman spectroscopy 4 Discussion 5 Summary References Evaluation of the application of tailing from magnesite extraction in pavement by adhesion properties 1 Contextualization 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Raveling algorithm for PA and SMA on 3D data 1 Introduction 1.1 Dutch highway network 1.2 Raveling measurement systems 1.3 3D data 2 Raveling Algorithm 2.1 Correcting the 3D data 2.1.1 Fill missing data points 2.1.2 Flattening 2.1.3 Removing outliers 2.1.4 Zero levelling 2.1.5 Resampling 2.1.6 Remarks 2.2 Raveling computation – coin algorithm 3 RESULTS 3.1 Porous asphalt 3.2 Stone mastic asphalt 3.3 Correlation to visual inspections 3.4 Repeatability and reproducibility 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Analysis of road damage with computer-vision based drive-by system 1 Introduction 2 Data Harvesting 3 Data Coverage 3.1 Discussions about the road coverage 4 Road Damage Distribution 5 Conclusions References The relationship between surface defects and structural distress on a 50-year-old Japanese toll road 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Cut-Open Research 4 Time-History of Surface Characteristics 5 Summary and Conclusion References Evaluation of porous asphalt hydrological performances through rainfall-runoff modelling by EPA SWMM 1 Introduction 2 Porous Asphalt (PA) 3 Numerical Model 3.1 EPA SWMM model 3.2 The case study 3.3 Rainfall events 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion Funding References Maintenance and preservation treatments Thermal performance of ultrathin multi-functional overlay 1 Introduction 2 Research Objective and Approach 2.1 Summary of the experimental tests 2.1.1 Adhesion capability 2.1.2 Mechanical performance 2.1.3 Stiffness under hot/cold cycles 2.1.4 Skid resistance 2.1.5 Tenacity 2.1.6 Laying technique 3 Thermal Analysis 4 Conclusion References Shrinkage crack induction for the study of repair agents in rigid pavements 1 Introduction 2 Background – Fundamentals 2.1 Plastic shrinkage cracks 2.2 Experimental methods for crack induction 2.3 Non-destructive analysis with computerized tomography 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Preliminary tests 3.2 Design and construction of wind tunnel for environmental conditions simulation 3.3 Design and construction of moulds for sample preparation 3.4 Mix design 3.5 Cracking characterization by means of CT scans 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Preliminary test analysis 4.2 Defining the optimal cracking conditions in the laboratory 4.3 Proposed protocol for the preparation of shrinkage-cracked mortar specimens 4.4 Characterization of shrinkage cracks by computed tomography 5 Concluding Remarks References Review and analysis of prediction models for as-built roughness in asphalt overlay rehabilitations 1 Introduction 2 Factors Affecting As-Built Roughness 3 As-Built Roughness Prediction Models 3.1 Basic surface preparation (no milling) 3.2 Intensive surface preparation 3.3 As-built prediction models analysis 3.4 Practical application and potential limitations 4 Conclusions References Laboratory and field evaluation of modified micro-surfacing to improve durability and lowering destructive environmental impacts 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Material Selection and Mix Design Method 3.1 Material 3.1.1 Aggregate 3.1.2 Emulsion 3.1.3 Additives 3.1.4 Mineral filler 3.2 Mix design 4 Test Methods 4.1 Cohesion 4.2 Loaded Wheel Test (LWT) 4.3 Wet-Track Abrasion Loss test (WTAT) 5 Laboratory Test Results 6 Field Evaluation 7 Conclusion References Use of traffic-speed ravelling data for the resurfacing intervention on open graded asphalt 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objectives 2 Literature Review 2.1 Available laser technologies 3 Data Collection and the Calculation of the Ravelling Index 4 Methodology 4.1 Trial study 4.1.1 Trial study conclusions and recommendations 4.2 Development of surface age-based ravelling progression model 4.2.1 Collection of ravelling data 4.2.2 Determination of characteristic ravelling index value 4.2.3 Analysis of network-wide ravelling 4.2.4 Progression of ravelling index 4.2.5 Initial ravelling index value 4.2.6 Ravelling index value at failure 4.3 Model validation 5 Conclusions 6 Recommendations Acknowledgements References Pavement management Estimation of pavement maintenance backlog and use in decision-making 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Road maintenance backlog in Finland 1.3 Research questions for this study 2 Methodology 2.1 Selection of the search strategy 3 RESULTS 3.1 Literature search 3.2 Maintenance backlog issues in road maintenance 3.2.1 Definition of maintenance backlog 3.2.2 Further use of MB in road sector 3.3 Definition of maintenance backlog in other industries 4 CONCLUSION 5 DISCUSSION References Definition of a low-cost pavement management method based on a dual analytic hierarchy process 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Activity 1: Definition of a manual for road distress classification 2.2 Activity 2: Computation of the Road Condition Index (RCI) 2.3 Activity 3: Computation of the Maintenance Priority Index (MPI) 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Innovation pathways within road performance management to upgrade investment analysis: A walkthrough of New Zealand and Philippine resilience landscapes 1 Introduction: Where Road Performance and Asset Management Meet Resilience 2 Context: Road Networks and Resilience In New Zealand and The Philippines 3 Motivation / Problem Statement: Call For Upgraded Investment Analysis 4 Aim and Objectives: Thinking About Future Life-Cycle Analysis Needs 5 Methodology: Review and Conceptualisation For Real-World Application 6 Results and Analysis: How To Mainstream Resilience Performance Along The Path To Sustainability 6.1 Mainstreaming resilience in asset management 6.2 Asset management practices in New Zealand and the Philippines 6.3 Conceptual performance framework 6.3.1 Vulnerability and functionality 6.3.2 Stakeholder values and criticalities 7 Discussion: Sample Resilience Performance Areas and Potential Implementation Mechanisms 8 Conclusion: Upgrading Investment Analysis By Mainstreaming Resilience Performance In Asset Management References Predicting the coefficient of friction as a support tool for decision- making in pavement management system 1 Background 2 Literature Review 2.1 Artificial Neural Networks 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References BIM method for municipal pavement 1 Introduction 2 Related Work and Background 3 Preparation of the BIM Pilot Project 3.1 Planned approach 3.2 Process analysis 4 Use Cases and BIM 5 Project Documentation 6 Summary and Conclusion References Economic and political strategies Achieving performance in major public infrastructure projects: The case of road works in Senegal 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Framework for Strategic Analysis of the Performance of a Road Project 2.1 What is a road project? 2.2 Who are the stakeholders of the road project? 2.3 What is the performance of the road project? 3 Epistemology and Methodology of Research 3.1 Epistemology of research 3.2 Research methodology 3.3 Diagnosis of the performance of road projects 3.4 Empirical investigation to understand the problem 3.5 Development of managerial recommendations 4 Presentation of the Results of the Research 4.1 Results of the diagnosis of project implementation 4.2 Results from the interview analysis 4.2.1 Lexical analysis 4.2.2 Semantic analysis 4.2.3 Construction of a targeted thesaurus 5 Managerial Recommendations 6 Conclusion References Pavements, energy efficient actors in public lighting 1 Introduction 1.1 Pavements and lighting context 1.2 Pavements and light work group 2 Basics Knowledge 2.1 Road photometry 2.2 Road lighting 3 Methodology of the Study 3.1 Pavements library constitution 3.2 Gonioreflectometer test campaign 3.2.1 Device presentation 3.2.2 Test campaign presentation 3.3 Lighting simulation parameters 4 Results 4.1 Photometry results 4.1.1 General analysis 4.1.2 Binder and finishes impacts 4.2 Lighting simulation results 4.2.3 Tables presentation 4.2.4 Scenario 1 observations 4.2.5 Scenario 2 observations 5 Conclusions References New procedure for quality assurance of municipal road survey and assessment campaigns 1 Introduction 2 Problem Definition 3 Systems and Methods for Road Condition Assessment 3.1 Visual-sensitive survey 3.2 Visual-image-based survey 3.3 Metrological survey 3.4 Mixed forms 4 Key Question and Approach 4.1 How can the quality level be demonstrated and ensured independently of the provider even without the ZbBz certification? 4.2 Which requirements for the quality level of road condition survey by certified S&x00026;A systems are fulfilled in everyday practical application in a municipal, subordinate road network for condition recording and evaluation? 5 Procedure and Studies 5.1 Comparison of sections&x02019; localization by the location of single damages 5.2 Statistical comparison by selected condition variables of evenness 5.3 Statistical comparison by selected substance characteristics of surface 6 Conclusion and Implementation in Tendering 7 Future Prospects References Comparing environmental impacts of alternative roads: Mechanical and sustainable considerations 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach 2.1 Goal and scope definition 2.2 Functional unit and boundary conditions 2.3 Emissions and impact assessment methodologies 3 Data Analysis and Life Cycle Inventory Analysis 3.1 Production phase 3.2 Construction phase 3.3 Unitary emissions and impacts 4 Numerical Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Safety and risk issues Detection of irregularities within the asphalt surface behind the paver screed using image analysis 1 Objective of the Studies 2 Surface Irregularities 3 Photometric Parameters 4 Image Analysis 5 Laboratory Analysis of Irregularity Patterns 6 Field Test 7 Conclusions References An exploration of friction supply and demand: The management of road surface friction as a factor in vehicle safety 1 Introduction 2 Friction Supply 3 Friction Characterisation 3.1 The direct measurement of friction 3.2 The inference of friction from other pavement properties 4 Friction demand 5 Friction Management 6 Discussion and Conclusion 7 Implications for the Future of Skid Resistance/Friction Research References Relationship between driving conditions, pavement surface characteristics and rolling resistance 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Campaign 2.1 Test track 2.2 Instrumented vehicle 2.3 Parameters considered 3 Results 3.1 Effect of tire pressure 3.2 Effect of speed 3.3 Effect of gearbox ratio and engine speed 3.4 Effect of pavement surface 3.5 Correlation analysis 4 Conclusions References A risk analysis in the event of a fire in a twin-tube road tunnel with considerations for resilience 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Characteristics of the twin-tube road tunnel and the nearby road network 2.2 Speed limits 2.3 Scenarios investigated 2.4 Traffic volume 2.5 Resilience metrics 3 Traffic Macro-Simulation Model 4 Average Travel Speed Profiles 5 Quantitative Risk Analysis 5.1 Expected value of risk and resilience index 6 Summary and Conclusions References Improving the criteria for plans for bridge inspection 1 Introduction 2 Main Part 2.1 Criteria for bridge inspection planning 2.2 A bridge or any of its determinant elements are in nonoperable state (5) 2.3 Special inspection intervals 2.4 No data on bridge inspection in AESUM database 2.5 A bridge is in limited operable state (4) 2.6 No data on bridge state change after completion or repair or reconstruction works in AESUM database 2.7 Bridge is located on the international road 2.8 Problematic superstructure desk design 2.9 Road class 2.10 Road category 2.11 Overbridge 2.12 Bridge length 2.13 Wooden bridge 2.14 Bridge carriageway pavement 3 Conclusions References Minimizing road impacts (noise, vibration, pollution, etc.) Optimizing the pattern of grooves of the Next Generation Cement Concrete Surface (NGCS) for less tyre/road noise and less fuel consumption 1 Introduction 2 Measuring Tyre/Road Noise and Rolling Resistance on a Drum 3 Next Generation Cement Concrete Surface (NGCS) 3.1 What is NGCS? 3.2 Bisinusoidal approximation of the NGCS profile 4 NGCS Optimization Attempts 4.1 Profiles 2 and 3 4.2 Profiles 4 and 5 4.3 Profile 6 5 Tyre/road Noise Measurement Results 6 Rolling Resistance Measurement Results 7 Conclusions References Understanding user experience of in-vehicle noise based on road surface texture data 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Reference data collection 2.2 User trials 2.3 Data processing and alignment 3 Results 3.1 User experience vs noise 3.2 Estimating noise using road surface texture 3.3 Application to the prediction of user experience levels 4 Conclusions References Effect on noise reduction of repaving only the top layer in a double-layer porous asphalt pavement 1 Introduction 2 Repaving Policy 3 Purpose and Limitations of the Study 4 Data for the Test Sections 5 Paving Operations 6 Measurement Method and Equipment 7 Results 7.1 Noise 7.2 Texture and rut depth 7.3 Permeability 8 Discussion 8.1 Noise 8.2 Texture, permeability and rut depth 9 Conclusions and Recommendations ISO and European Standards Mentioned in the Text References Pavement maintenance influence on road traffic noise emission 1 Introduction 2 Road Traffic Noise Emission 2.1 Generation mechanisms 2.2 Measurement 3 Road Surface Defects 4 Impact on Noise Emission 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Impacts of the shift from distressed pavements to low noise pavements in motorways – A case study in Portugal 1 Introduction 2 Study Sections and Test Methods 2.1 Study methodology 2.2 Description of the study sections 2.3 Statistical Pass-By method (SPB) 2.4 Close ProXimity method (CPX) 3 Presentation and Analysis of the Results for the SPB Method 3.1 Measured noise level on each highway 3.2 Spectrum analysis 4 Presentation and Analysis of the Results for the CPX Method 4.1 Measured noise level on each highway 4.2 Spectrum analysis. 5 SPB and CPX Method Comparison 6 Conclusions References Innovative pavement contracts to reduce CO2-emissions 1 Introduction 2 Framework for EPD in Norway 3 EPD