Road to Manzikert : Byzantine and Islamic Warfare, 527–1071

“Take[s] us through 500 years of conflict from Justinian through the rise of Islam to the coming of the Turks... good chapters on Islamic warfare.”—Balkan Military History In August 1071, the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenese led out a powerful army in an attempt to roll back Seljuk Turkish incursions into the Anatolian heartland of the Empire. Outmaneuvered by the Turkish sultan, Alp Arslan, Romanus was forced to give battle with only half his troops near Manzikert. By the end of that fateful day much of the Byzantine army was dead, the rest scattered in flight and the Emperor himself a captive. As a result, the Anatolian heart was torn out of the empire and it was critically weakened, while Turkish power expanded rapidly, eventually leading to Byzantine appeals for help from Western Europe, prompting the First Crusade. This book sets the battle in the context of the military history of the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic World (Arab and Seljuk Turkish) up to the pivotal engagement at Manzikert in 1071, with special emphasis on the origins, course and outcome of this battle. The composition, weapons and tactics of the very different opposing armies are analyzed. The final chapter is dedicated to assessing the impact of Manzikert on the Byzantine Empire's strategic position in Anatolia and to the battle's role as a causus belli for the Crusades. Dozens of maps and battle diagrams support the clear text, making this an invaluable study of a crucial period of military history. “A gripping story of desertion, defection and betrayal amongst the Byzantine troops and of the fleet and ferocious Seljuk steppe warriors.”—Today's Zaman

In August 1071, the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Diogenese led out a powerful army in an attempt to roll back Seljuk Turkish incursions into the Anatolian heartland of the Empire. Outmanoeuvred by the Turkish sultan, Alp Arslan, Romanus was forced to give battle with only half his troops near Manzikert. By the end of that fateful day much of the Byzantine army was dead, the rest scattered in flight and the Emperor himself a captive. As a result, the Anatolian heart was torn out of the empire and it was critically weakened, while Turkish power expanded rapidly, eventually leading to Byzantine appeals for help from Western Europe, thus prompting the First Crusade.

This book sets the battle in the context of the military history of the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic World (Arab and Seljuk Turkish) up to the pivotal engagement at Manzikert in 1071, with special emphasis on the origins, course and outcome of this battle. The composition, weapons and tactics of the very different opposing armies are analyzed. The final chapter is dedicated to assessing the impact of Manzikert on the Byzantine Empire's strategic position in Anatolia and to the battle's role as a causus belli for the Crusades. Dozens of maps and battle diagrams support the clear text.

Preface and Acknowledgments List of Maps List of Illustrations Key to Maps Chronology of Byzantine and Islamic History from Justinian to the First Crusade Introduction: Byzantium, Islam and Catholic Europe – The Battle of Manzikert as Historical Nexus Chapter 1 Byzantine Warfare from Justinian to Herakleios Chapter 2 Islamic Warfare from Muhammad to the Rashidun Caliphate Chapter 3 Byzantine Warfare in an Age of Crisis and Recovery Chapter 4 Islamic Warfare from the Umayyads to the Coming of the Seljuk Turks Chapter 5 Byzantine and Seljuk Campaigns in Anatolia and the Battle of Manzikert Conclusion: In Manzikert’s Wake – The Seljuk Invasion of Anatolia and the Origins of the Levantine Crusades Notes Glossary of Important Personalities Glossary of Military Terms Select Bibliography Index