Ritual Memory: the Apocryphal Acts and Liturgical Commemoration in the Early Medieval West (C. 500-1215) (Mittellateinische Studien Und Texte, 40)

"Ritual Memory" brings together two areas of study which have hitherto rarely been studied in comparison: liturgy and the apocryphal Acts of the apostles. The book gives an analysis of the liturgical celebration of the apostles in the medieval West and examines the incorporation of the apocrypha in practices of ritual commemoration. It reveals the role that liturgy played in the transmission of the apocryphal Acts and visualises the way these narrative traditions developed and changed through their incorporation into a ritual context. The result is a dynamic picture of the ritual reception of the extra-canonical Acts in the Latin Middle Ages, where the apocryphal legends about the apostolic past were approached as memorable traditions on the origins of Christianity. Contents 8 Preface 12 List of abbreviations 14 General introduction 16 1. The question 16 2. Choices and design 19 3. The sources 21 3.1. The liturgy of mass 21 3.2. The liturgy of the hours 25 3.3. Lists of apostles and martyrologies 29 3.4. Hymns 33 3.5. Latin apocryphal Acts of the apostles: the Collection of Pseudo-Abdias 35 Chapter 1. The apocryphal Acts and liturgical commemoration 38 1. The apocryphal Acts of the apostles: rejected or rooted? 38 2. Contemporary approaches to the phenomenon of apocrypha 43 2.1. From 'New Testament apocrypha' to 'Christian apocryphal literature' 45 2.2. Apocrypha and hagiography 50 3. Medieval approaches to the phenomenon of apocrypha 57 3.1. Apocryphus: a variety of meanings 58 3.2. Apocrypha and heresy 60 3.3. Apocrypha and canonical authority 64 3.4. Apocrypha and hagiography 77 3.5. Apocrypha and liturgy 89 4. Conclusion 92 Chapter 2. Bartholomew: apostle against idols 94 1. Development of the cult 94 2. Apocryphal traditions 97 2.1. The tradition of the Passio Bartholomaei: Bartholomew in India 97 2.2. The 'Lycaonian tradition': Bartholomew in Asia Minor 100 2.3. The Armenian tradition: Bartholomew flayed alive 100 3. Lists of apostles and martyrologies 101 3.1. Breviarium apostolorum 101 3.2. De ortu et obitu patrum 102 3.3. Medieval martyrologies: Bede, Florus, Ado, Usuard, and Hrabanus Maurus 102 4. The liturgy of mass 104 4.1. Gaul 104 4.2. Spain 105 4.3. Italy 114 4.4. England 116 5. The liturgy of the hours 118 6. Hymns 133 6.1. Beneventan hymns 133 6.2. Old Spanish hymns 135 7. Conclusion 137 Chapter 3. Philip and James: brothers in cult 140 1. Development of the cult 141 2. Apocryphal traditions 144 2.1. Greek Acts of Philip 144 2.2. Philip: martyr or non martyr? The Latin traditions 145 2.3. Philip in the Collection of Pseudo-Abdias: a peaceful death 146 2.4. James: martyr in the temple 147 3. Lists of apostles and martyrologies 150 3.1. Breviarium apostolorum 151 3.2. De ortu et obitu patrum 154 3.3. Martyrologium Hieronymianum 155 3.4. Medieval martyrologies: Florus, Ado, and Usuard 155 4. The liturgy of mass 157 4.1. Rome, Frankish Gaul, and northern Italy 157 4.2. Spain 159 4.3. England 163 5. The liturgy of the hours 166 6. Hymns 170 6.1. A hymn in honour of Philip: Fulget coruscans 171 6.2. Hymns in honour of James the Less 174 7. Conclusion 176 Chapter 4. Matthew: sinner and saint 178 1. Development of the cult 178 2. Apocryphal traditions 182 2.1. The Greek Martyrium Matthaei and its medieval Latin translation 183 2.2. The Latin Passio Matthaei in the Collection of Pseudo-Abdias 185 3. Lists of apostles and martyrologies 189 3.1. Breviarium apostolorum 189 3.2. De ortu et obitu patrum 190 3.3. Martyrologium Hieronymianum 190 3.4. Medieval martyrologies: Hrabanus, Florus, Ado, and Usuard 191 4. The liturgy of mass 193 4.1. Gaul 193 4.2. Spain 200 4.3. Italy 208 4.4. England 208 5. The liturgy of the hours 209 5.1. The vision of the four living creatures: Ezechiel and John's Apocalypse 210 5.2. The mission of the apostles and evangelists 212 6. Hymns 213 6.1. Hymns from Italy: Salerno 213 6.2. Hymns from Spain 221 7. Conclusion 225 Chapter 5. Simon and Jude: brothers in martyrdom 228 1. Development of the cult 228 2. Apocryphal traditions 231 3. Lists of apostles and martyrologies 237 3.1. Breviarium apostolorum 237 3.2. De ortu et obitu patrum 238 3.3. Medieval martyrologies: Hrabanus, Florus, Ado, and Usuard 238 4. The liturgy of mass 239 4.1. Gaul 239 4.2. Italy 243 4.3. Spain 244 4.4. England 250 5. The liturgy of the hours 251 5.1. The Antiphonal of Florence 252 5.2. The Antiphonal of Aosta 254 6. Hymns 260 6.1. Omne genus monochordi 260 6.2. Throno sedente principe 262 7. Conclusion 264 Chapter 6. Images of the apostles 266 1. The apostolic foundation of the church 266 2. Apostles and demons 270 3. Preachers of the gospel 276 4. The apostle and his companions 285 4.1. The apostle's female companion 285 4.2. The royal companion 290 5. From eyewitness to bloodwitness 294 6. Apostles as individual saints and apostles as a collegium 301 Chapter 7. Epilogue 308 Bibliography 312 Subject index 334 Index of personal names 342 Index of biblical passages 348 9004171711,9789004171718 Brill Academic Publishers 2009 Presents an analysis of the liturgical celebration of the apostles in the medieval West and examines the incorporation of the apocrypha in practices of ritual commemoration. This book reveals the role that liturgy played in the transmission of the apocryphal Acts