Risk Management in East Asia: Systems and Frontier Issues (Governing China in the 21st Century)

This book is a joint endeavour of the three partner universities to develop a book with in-depth and state-of-art analysis for the academic community of East Asia and the world. Past disasters, like the 2008 Great Sichuan Earthquake in China and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, saw good efforts of East Asian countries in helping each other. Such a trend has been further strengthened in these countries’ recent cooperation and mutual support in their fight against Covid-19 pandemic. While China, Japan, and South Korea are geographically and culturally contiguous and hence may share some characteristics in their risk management principles and practices, there may also be many significant differences due to their different socioeconomic and political systems. The commonalities and variances in East Asia risk management systems are also reflected by their recent responses to the Covid-19 challenges. While all three countries demonstrated overall success in controlling the epidemic, the measures taken by them were different. This research will be of interest to policymakers, scholars and economists. Contents 5 Notes on Contributors 7 List of Figures 12 List of Tables 14 1 Risk Management in East Asia: An Introduction 16 Risk Management: A Multidimensional Governance Challenge 17 East Asian Risk Management: Systems and Frontiers 19 Risk Management Cooperation in East Asia 22 The Book and Its Road Map 23 References 26 Part I National Risk Management Systems in the Region 27 2 Understanding China’s National Emergency Management System 28 Introduction 28 The History of the NEMS in China 30 The Establishment of the Modern NEMS 30 Trends in the Development of the NEMS in China: Towards All-Hazard, All-Phase, and All-Stakeholder Management 34 All-Hazard Management 34 All-Phase Management 37 All-Stakeholder Management 38 Interactions Between the Government and Society 39 Emergency Communication 39 Disaster Education 40 Remaining Challenges for the NEMS in China 40 Limited Social Participation in Disaster Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness 41 Failure of Initiative and Over-Response 41 Typical Coordination Problems 42 Too Much Accountability and Too Little Learning 44 Conclusion 44 References 46 3 Disaster Risk Management in Japan with Special Reference to “Sendai Framework” 49 Introduction 49 Overview of the Disaster Management System in Japan 50 Evolutionary Development of the System 51 Period 1945–1994 52 The Period 1995–2010 54 After 2011 55 Summary of Disaster Laws in Japan 57 Examining BBB 57 Sendai Framework 58 What Does BBB Mean? 58 Japan’s BBB Initiatives and Their Historical and Institutional Backgrounds 61 Are Japan’s Initiatives Right? 61 Background of the Characteristics of Japan’s Initiatives 63 Historical Aspect 63 Economic Aspect 64 Legal Aspect 67 Conclusion 69 References 70 4 Patterns of Risk Management Policies and Systems in South Korea: Special Reference to Water-Related Disaster Management 73 Introduction 73 Disaster Risk Management 75 Overview of Water-Related Disasters in South Korea 84 Case Studies 88 Institutional Framework Against Water-Related Disasters in South Korea 92 Conclusions 99 References 100 Part II Participatory Risk Management 103 5 The Deliberative Option: The Theoretical Evolution of Citizen Participation in Risk Management and Possibilities for East Asia 104 Introduction 104 Evolution of Theories of Expert and Citizen Decision Making 106 Unitary Expertise: The Rise of Technocracy 107 Distributed Expertise: Wicked Problems Demand Collective Problem Solving 108 Unitary Participation: Expertise Politicized 109 Distributed Participation: Post-Positivism Levels the Playing Field 111 Post-Positivist Practice 115 Polling 115 Focus Groups 116 Public Inquiries 117 Citizens’ Panels 118 Deliberative Polling 118 Consensus Conferences 119 The Nuclear Option 120 Conclusion: A Concern 125 References 126 6 Participation Willingness and Interactive Strategy in Collaborative Risk Governance 129 Introduction 129 Participation Willingness and Interactive Strategy in Collaborative Risk Governance 131 DPPP and Disaster Resilience 136 Participation and Collaboration in DPPP Projects 139 Risk Awareness and Citizens’ Participation in Risk Governance 139 Participation, Multi-level Governance, and Translational Leaders 141 The Community’s Willingness to Participate and the Network Management Strategies 142 Conclusion 144 References 145 Part III Risk Management in a New Era 149 7 Postmodern Risks: The Fourth Industrial Revolution in East Asia 150 Introduction 150 What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution? 151 Positive and Negative Impacts of the 4IR on Risk Management 155 Positive Impacts 156 New Risks 158 Case Study—South Korea and New Risks from Emerging Technologies 160 Fake News and the Druking Controversy 161 Digital Addictions 163 Conclusion 167 References 168 8 School Safety Management: International Framework and Japanese Practice 176 Risks and Crisis Management and Safety at School 176 International Framework for School Safety 178 Comprehensive School Safety 178 Comprehensive School Safety in Terms of Disaster Risk Reduction 181 Other International Efforts to Promote Safe Schools 181 The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and the Education Sector in Japan 183 Damage and Impact of the 2011 Disaster on the Japanese Education Sector 183 MEXT’s Response to the 2011 Disaster Regarding School Disaster Safety 185 School Safety in Japan 186 School Health and Safety Act 186 Institutional Structures for School Safety 187 Three Areas of School Safety 189 Plans for Promotion of School Safety 189 Lessons Learned from the Okawa Elementary School Incident 190 Okawa Elementary School Incident 191 Twenty-Four Recommendations in the Investigation Report by the OES Incident Investigation Committee 192 Court Decisions in the Okawa Elementary School Case 193 Discussion 198 Conclusions 200 References 201 Part IV International Cooperation in Risk Management 205 9 Aid Policies in Disaster Risk Reduction: Japan and the Development Assistance to Disaster-Prone Developing Countries 206 Introduction 206 Conceptual Framework of Disaster Risk Reduction 207 DRR and International Cooperation: Historical Overview 209 The Yokohama Strategy and the Plan of Action for a Safer World 210 The HFA (2005–2015) 212 The Sendai Framework (2015–2030) 214 Donor Countries’ Commitment to DRR 216 Japan’s Development Cooperation Framework and the Evolution of DRR Policies 217 1992 Japan’s ODA Charter and DRR 218 2003 Revised Japan’s ODA Charter and DRR 219 2015 Japan’s Development Cooperation Charter and DRR 220 Cooperation on Disaster Risk Reduction: Case of Brazil 222 Trilateral Cooperation Among Japan, Korea, and China in DRR 223 Discussion and Conclusion 224 References 225 10 Transboundary Fine Dust and “PM 2.5 Diplomacy” in Northeast Asia: Cooperation and Future Challenges 229 Introduction: Rising “PM 2.5 Diplomacy” In Northeast Asia 229 “Air Governance” and the Politicization of Transboundary Fine Dusts 231 Emerging Multilateral Frameworks and Joint Actions 234 Tripartite Environmental Ministers Meeting (TEMM) 234 Long-Range Transboundary Pollution (LTP) 235 Northeast Asian Sub-Regional Programme for Environmental Cooperation (NEASPEC) 236 Explain China’s “Air Diplomacy”: Why Co-Operate, and Why not? 238 Can “Air Diplomacy” Move Forward? Identifying Issues of Rule-Making and Governance 241 Scientific Data and Standards 242 Overlapping Cooperative Institutions and the Issue of Leadership 243 Bureaucratization and the Absence of Legalized Arrangements 244 Conclusion 245 References 248 Index 253 Risk Management in East Asia presents a path-breaking step toward building a common approach to managing the shared risks that challenge China, Japan, and South Korea. Anchored by education leaders at three universities, the book articulates a view of disaster management as learning to cope with hazards that cross international boundaries. - Louise K. Comfort, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Risk management and regional cooperation tend to be overlooked by national governments. This new book provides practical guide and advice on mitigating risks in a post-modern industrialized world where climate change, industrial revolution, geopolitical forces, and pandemics could further exacerbate the human living environment. Indeed, this is a very timely book. - Xiaoyan Liang, Lead Education Specialist, The World Bank This book is a joint endeavour of the three partner universities of CAMPUS Asia Program (Risk Management Experts in East Asia) to develop a book with in-depth and state-of-art analysis of risk management in East Asia. As a disaster-prone region, East Asia emphasizes building preparedness and resilience for natural disasters and human-induced hazards and emergencies. The experiences of China, Japan, and South Korea in seeking appropriate and robust risk management may shed light on global risk management knowledge and practices. This book will discuss the three systems and frontier issues and will be of interest to policymakers, scholars and the general intellectual community. Yijia Jing is dean of the Institute for Global Public Policy and a professor of the School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University. Jung-Sun Han is a professor at the Division of International Studies, Korea University. Keiichi Ogawa is a professor at the Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University