Rising Contagious Diseases - Basics, Management, and Treatments (Jan 24, 2024)_(1394188714)_(Wiley).pdf

This book presents important information on several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It offers succinct, details into many aspects of 28 diverse infectious diseases including COVID-19, monkeypox, Ebola, lyme disease, malaria, and bird and swine flu. Expert contributors from around the world explain these diseases over the course of 30 chapters of fundamental facts alongside practical and clinical data. As opposed to other published books, this stands out because of the featured infectious diseases, covering several which are not similarly addressed elsewhere. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page Contents List of Contributors Foreword Preface Biographies Chapter 1 Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases of the Decade: An Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Infectious Diseases and the Economy 1.3 The Main Factors Involved in EIDs and REIDs 1.4 Prevention of EIDs and REIDs 1.5 Infectious Diseases of the Last Decades 1.5.1 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) 1.5.2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 1.5.3 COVID-19 1.5.4 Dengue 1.5.5 Ebola 1.5.6 Influenza 1.5.7 Viral Hepatitis 1.5.8 Mpox 1.5.9 Zika Virus 1.5.10 Swine Flu 1.6 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Recent Trends and Possible Future Trajectory of COVID-19 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Overview of COVID-19 2.2.1 Summary of Timelines and Major Events 2.2.2 Key Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 2.2.3 Transmission Modes of SARS-CoV-2 2.3 Current State of the Pandemic 2.3.1 Global and Regional Trends in COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths 2.3.2 Variants of Concern and Their Impact on Transmission and Severity 2.3.3 Pharmacotherapy of COVID-19 2.3.4 Vaccination 2.4 Epidemiological Projections and Modeling 2.4.1 Different Models Used to Predict Future Trajectory of COVID-19 2.4.2 Factors Influencing the Projections 2.4.3 Uncertainties and Limitations Associated with Modeling Approaches 2.5 Potential Scenarios for the Future 2.5.1 Presentation of Multiple Scenarios Based on Different Assumptions and Variables 2.5.2 Examination of Best-Case, Worst-Case, and Most Likely Scenarios 2.5.3 Factors That Could Influence the Trajectory 2.6 Impact of COVID-19 on Public Health and Healthcare Systems 2.6.1 Analysis of the Potential Burden of COVID-19 on Healthcare Systems in Different Scenarios 2.6.2 Addressing Potential Challenges of COVID-19 on Healthcare 2.6.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Non-COVID Healthcare Services and Long-Term Healthcare Planning 2.7 Socioeconomic and Behavioral Considerations 2.7.1 Analysis of the Socioeconomic Impact of the Pandemic and Potential Future Outcomes 2.7.2 Behavioral Changes and Their Long-Term Implications 2.7.3 Exploration of Societal Responses and Adaptive Measures 2.8 Global Preparedness and Response 2.8.1 Lessons Learned from the Pandemic and Their Application to Future Outbreaks 2.8.2 Global Cooperation and Preparedness Efforts 2.8.3 Exploration of the Role of Technology and Innovation in Pandemic Response 2.9 Conclusion and Recommendations 2.9.1 Recommendations for Policymakers, Public Health Officials, and Researchers 2.9.2 Identification of Areas for Further Research and Study References Chapter 3 Mpox: New Challenges with the Disease 3.1 History of Mpox virus 3.2 Characteristics 3.3 Epidemiology 3.4 Transmission 3.5 Pathogenicity 3.6 Risk Factors 3.7 Diagnostic Testing 3.8 Symptoms 3.9 Long-Term Effects and Complications 3.10 Vaccinations 3.11 Epidemic Management 3.12 Pharmacology 3.13 Future Implications 3.14 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Ebola Virus Disease: Transmission Dynamics and Management 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Origins of Ebola Virus 4.1.2 Symptoms 4.1.3 Risk Factors 4.1.4 Diagnosis 4.2 Transmission Dynamics 4.2.1 Human to Human Transmission 4.2.2 Different Outbreaks 4.3 Disease Management 4.3.1 Prevention 4.3.2 Medical Treatments 4.3.3 Experimental Therapies 4.4 Morbidity 4.4.1 Short-Term Symptoms 4.4.2 Convalescence 4.5 Intersections 4.5.1 Socioeconomic Status 4.5.2 Social Stigma 4.5.3 Cultural and Traditional Practices 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Avian Influenza Outbreaks over the Last Decade: An Analytical Review and Containment Strategies 5.1 Background 5.1.1 Emergence and Spread of Avian Influenza (2013–2023) 5.2 Causative Microorganisms 5.2.1 H7N9 and H5N8 (2013–2023) 5.2.2 H5N1: Impact on Humans 5.2.3 H7N9: Impact on Humans 5.2.4 H5N8: Impact on Humans 5.2.5 H5N1: Impact on Animals 5.2.6 H7N9 and H5N8: Impact on Animals 5.3 Strategies for Containment 5.4 Ongoing Investigations and Prospective Look into Avian Influenza References Chapter 6 Swine Flu: Current Status and Challenges 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Current Status – Swine Flu 6.2.1 Swine Influenza Viruses in Asia 6.2.2 Swine Influenza Virus in Other Continents 6.2.3 Human to Swine IAV Transfer – Two-Way Transmission 6.3 Pathogenesis Related to Swine Flu 6.3.1 Symptoms Related to Swine Flu 6.3.2 Pathological Changes During Swine Flu 6.3.3 Pathogenesis and Host Response in Swine 6.4 Diagnosis 6.4.1 Histopathology 6.4.2 Pig Selection 6.4.3 Serology 6.4.4 Virus Characterization 6.4.5 Oral Fluids 6.5 Treatment and Management of Swine Flu 6.5.1 Vaccination Against Influenza in Swine 6.5.2 Modern Therapeutic Approach 6.5.3 Traditional Approaches for the Therapeutic Interventions of Swine Flu 6.6 Challenges During Combating Swine Flu 6.6.1 Challenge to Control Swine Influenza 6.6.2 Challenge for Livestock and Human Health 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Zika Virus Disease: An Emerging Global Threat 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Epidemiology of the Zika Virus Infection 7.3 Infection and Pathophysiology 7.4 Immune Response and Vaccine 7.5 Zika Virus Infection Diagnosis and Management 7.6 Development of Antiviral Therapeutic Drug against Zika Virus 7.7 The Way Forward References Chapter 8 Current Perspectives in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Life Cycle of Dengue Mosquitoes 8.3 Life Cycle of Dengue Virus 8.4 Risk Factors Responsible for Dengue Fever 8.5 Pathophysiology of Dengue Fever 8.5.1 The Viral Genome 8.5.2 Structure and Function of the NS Proteins 8.5.3 Dengue Symptoms 8.6 Clinical Manifestation 8.6.1 Febrile Phase 8.6.2 Critical/Leakage Phase (Early Detection of Plasma Leakage/Shock) 8.6.3 Recovery/Convalescent Phase 8.7 Diagnosis of Dengue Fever 8.8 Prevention of Disease 8.8.1 Vaccine 8.8.2 Prevent Mosquito Bites 8.8.3 Reduce Mosquito Habitat 8.8.4 Case Surveillance and Vector Surveillance 8.8.5 Community-Based Control Programs 8.8.6 Biological Control 8.8.7 Chemical Control 8.9 Management of Dengue Disease 8.9.1 Hydration 8.9.2 Ancillary Therapeutic Modalities 8.9.3 Management of Volume Overload 8.9.4 Decrease Ammonia Production 8.10 Conclusion References Chapter 9 West Nile Virus: Evolutionary Dynamics, Advances in Diagnostics, and Therapeutic Interventions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Geographical Distribution 9.3 The Virus and its Genome 9.3.1 Phylogeny 9.4 Etiology and Pathogenesis 9.4.1 The Transmission of the West Nile Virus Within the Mosquito Host 9.4.2 Proliferation, Viral Multiplication, Dissemination, and the Initial Infection 9.4.3 Neuroinvasion 9.5 Relationship Between Host-Pathogen in West Nile Virus Infection 9.6 Clinical Presentation of West Nile Virus 9.6.1 West Nile Fever (WNF) 9.6.2 West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease 9.7 Management of West Nile Virus 9.7.1 Polyclonal Immune Globulin Intravenous (IGIV) 9.7.2 Polyclonal IGIV with High Titers of WNV Antibodies Derived from Blood Donors (Omr-IgG-Am) 9.7.3 WNV Recombinant Humanized Monoclonal Antibody (MGAWN1) 9.8 Recent Advancements in Diagnostics, Clinical Assessment, and Treatment 9.8.1 Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment 9.8.2 Treatment 9.9 Conclusion and Future Prediction References Chapter 10 Hantavirus Disease: A Global Update over the Last Decade 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Life Cycle 10.2.1 Genome Organization and Virion Structure 10.3 Ecology and Evolution of Hantavirus 10.3.1 Rodent Reservoirs of Old World Hantaviruses 10.3.2 Rodent Reservoirs of New World Hantaviruses 10.3.3 Evolution of Hantaviruses 10.4 Epidemiology of Hantavirus Infections 10.4.1 Epidemiology of Old World Hantaviruses 10.4.2 Epidemiology of New World Hantaviruses 10.5 The Clinical Course of Hantavirus Diseases and Pathology 10.5.1 European and Asian HFRS Disease Spectrum 10.5.2 Spectrum of HPS Disease in the Americas 10.5.3 Pathogenesis 10.6 Laboratory Diagnosis of Hantavirus Infection 10.6.1 Serologic Diagnosis 10.6.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 10.6.3 Immunofluorescence Assay 10.6.4 Immunoblot Assay 10.6.5 Focus Reduction Neutralization Test 10.6.6 Molecular Detection of Hantaviruses 10.7 Treatment and Prevention 10.7.1 Treatment 10.7.2 Ribavirin 10.7.3 Favipiravir 10.7.4 Lactoferrin 10.7.5 Vandetanib 10.7.6 Immunotherapy 10.7.7 ETAR 10.7.8 Corticosteroids 10.7.9 Prevention 10.7.10 First-Generation Vaccines 10.7.11 Second-Generation Vaccines 10.7.12 Third-Generation Vaccines 10.8 Recent Outbreaks of Hantavirus 10.9 Summary and Conclusion References Chapter 11 Current Advances in Marburg Virus Disease 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 General Properties of Marburg Virus (MARV) 11.1.2 Laboratory Characteristics of the MARV 11.1.3 Mode of Transmission, Replication, and Intracellular Life Cycle 11.2 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of MARV 11.3 Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) 11.3.1 Historical Epidemiology of MVD 11.3.2 Immunity, Clinical Features, and Findings in MVD 11.3.3 Laboratory Diagnosis of MVD 11.3.4 Treatment, Control, and Prevention of MVD 11.4 Conclusion References Chapter 12 Recent Advances in Combating Nipah Virus Disease 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Virus Structure and Biology 12.1.2 Transmission 12.1.3 Epidemiology 12.1.4 Immunopathological Mystery of Nipah Virus Disease 12.1.5 Clinical Presentation 12.2 Recent Advancements in Nipah Virus Diagnostic Tools 12.2.1 Serological Methods 12.2.2 Molecular Method 12.2.3 Tissue-Culture Method 12.3 Recent Development in Therapeutics and Treatment Modalities Against NiV Disease 12.3.1 Antivirals 12.3.2 Monoclonal Antibodies 12.3.3 Vaccines 12.4 Conclusion and Future Directions Acknowledgment References Chapter 13 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Discussion 13.2.1 Epidemiology 13.2.2 Disease Development 13.2.3 Pathogen Transmission 13.2.4 Immune Response to Pathogen 13.2.5 Clinical Signs and Symptoms 13.2.6 Laboratory and Radiological Findings 13.2.7 Pathological Findings 13.2.8 Zoonotic Infection 13.2.9 Diagnostic Methodologies 13.2.10 Vaccination 13.2.11 Therapeutic Regimen 13.2.12 MERS-COV Animal Models 13.2.13 Infection Control 13.3 Conclusions References Chapter 14 Chikungunya Fever: Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestation, and Management 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Structure 14.1.2 Target Cell 14.1.3 Transmission 14.1.4 Replication 14.1.5 Sign and Symptoms of CHIKF 14.1.6 Acute Phase Symptoms 14.1.7 Chronic Phase Symptoms 14.2 Epidemiology 14.2.1 Worldwide 14.2.2 In India 14.3 Clinical Manifestation 14.3.1 Rheumatic Manifestation 14.3.2 Ophthalmic Manifestation 14.3.3 Renal Manifestation 14.3.4 Dermatological Manifestation 14.3.5 Neurological Manifestation 14.3.6 Cardiovascular Manifestation 14.4 Diagnosis of Chikungunya Fever 14.4.1 Virus Isolation 14.4.2 Serology 14.4.3 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction 14.5 Management of Chikungunya Fever 14.5.1 For Acute Phase 14.5.2 For Subacute and Chronic Phase 14.6 Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs 14.6.1 Chloroquine 14.6.2 Sulfasalazine 14.6.3 Methotrexate 14.7 Non-Pharmacological Treatment 14.8 Medicinal Plants for CHIKV and Its Associated Symptoms 14.8.1 Persicaria odorata 14.8.2 Picrorhiza kurroa 14.8.3 Andrographis paniculata 14.8.4 Ipomoea aquatica 14.8.5 Azadirachta indica 14.8.6 Terminalia chebulla 14.8.7 Alpinia officinarum 14.8.8 Zingiber officinalis 14.8.9 Pisidium guajava 14.9 Future Prospectives 14.10 Conclusion References Chapter 15 Lassa Fever: Recent Clinical Reports and Management Update 15.1 Background 15.2 Geographical Distribution 15.3 Mode of Transmission 15.4 Reservoir Hosts 15.5 Incidence and Prevalence 15.6 Clinical Presentation 15.7 Diagnostic Methods 15.7.1 Serological Assays 15.7.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 15.7.3 Imaging Techniques 15.8 Recent Clinical Reports 15.9 Management and Treatment 15.9.1 Antiviral Therapy 15.9.2 Supportive Care 15.9.3 Experimental Therapies 15.9.4 Immune-Based Therapies 15.10 Future Prospects and Research Directions 15.10.1 Vaccine Development 15.10.2 Therapeutic Interventions 15.10.3 Improved Diagnostic Tools 15.10.4 Strengthening Surveillance 15.10.5 Understanding Viral Pathogenesis 15.10.6 Public Health Interventions 15.10.7 One Health Approach 15.11 Conclusions References Chapter 16 Lyme Disease Management: Antibiotics and Beyond 16.1 Introduction to Lyme Disease 16.2 Modes of Transmission 16.3 Recent Trends in Lyme Disease Management 16.3.1 Significance of Early Detection 16.3.2 The Role of Education and Awareness 16.3.3 Non-Pharmacologic Approaches 16.3.4 Novel Approaches to Lyme Disease Treatment 16.4 Future Directions and Challenges in Lyme Disease Management 16.5 Conclusion References Chapter 17 Chagas Disease: Historical and Current Trends 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Discovery of Chagas Disease 17.3 Etiology of Chagas Disease 17.4 Lifecycle of T. cruzi 17.5 Clinical Forms of Chagas Disease 17.6 Diagnosis and Management of Chagas Disease 17.6.1 Treatment of Chagas Disease 17.6.2 Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCC) and Gastrointestinal Complication 17.6.3 Public Health Initiatives, Local and International Associations, Awareness Campaigns, Regulatory Health Perspectives, and Chagas Disease Control Programmes 17.7 Conclusion References Chapter 18 Legionnaires’ Disease: Current Trends in Microbiology and Pharmacology 18.1 History of Legionella spp. 18.1.1 Characteristics 18.1.2 Epidemiology 18.2 Bacterial Life Cycle 18.3 Pathogenicity 18.4 Alterations to Host Cell Pathways 18.5 Ubiquitin Pathways 18.6 Legionella-Amoeba Interactions 18.7 Risk Factors 18.8 Detection/Diagnostic Testing 18.9 Symptoms 18.10 Long-Term Effects and Co-morbidities 18.11 Prevention 18.12 Pharmacology 18.13 Treatments in Development 18.14 New Technologies 18.15 Conclusion References Chapter 19 Babesiosis: An Emerging Global Threat 19.1 Introduction 19.2 World-Wide Babesiosis Human Infection 19.2.1 Americas 19.2.2 Europe 19.2.3 Asia, Africa and Australia 19.3 Life Cycle and Transmission 19.4 Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Babesiosis 19.5 Management of Babesiosis 19.6 Conclusion References Chapter 20 Epidemiology and Current Trends in Malaria 20.1 History of Malaria 20.1.1 Malaria and First World War 20.2 Types of Malaria 20.2.1 Plasmodium vivax (P.v) 20.2.2 Plasmodium ovale (P.o) 20.2.3 Plasmodium falciparum (P.f) 20.2.4 Plasmodium malariae (P.m) 20.2.5 Malaria and Plasmodium Biology 20.3 Worldwide Trend of Malaria (Geographical and Country)/The Spatial Epidemiology of Malaria Globally 20.3.1 WHO Response 20.3.2 High Burden to High Impact Approach 20.3.3 Current Malaria Burden in India 20.4 History of Malaria Control by Various Authorities/Agencies 20.4.1 History of Malaria Control 20.5 Diagnosis and Treatment 20.5.1 Microscopic Methods 20.5.2 Rapid Diagnostic Methodology (RDM) Adopted on Immunochromatography 20.5.3 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 20.5.4 Flow Cytometry 20.5.5 Advanced Molecular Technique 20.6 Prevention and Elimination of Malaria 20.7 Vaccine for Malaria and Current Trends of Malaria Treatment 20.8 Challenges for National Governments 20.9 Malaria Eradication Programme 20.9.1 Pillar 1. Ensure that Everyone Has Access to Treatment, Diagnosis, and Prevention for Malaria 20.9.2 Pillar 2. Intensify Efforts to Eradicate the Disease and Make the World Malaria-Free 20.9.3 Pillar 3. Establish Malaria Surveillance as a Focal Point of Treatment 20.9.4 Supporting Element 1. Increasing Research and Utilizing Innovation 20.9.5 Supporting Element 2. Enhancing the Favorable Environment 20.10 Conclusion References Chapter 21 Cryptosporidiosis: Recent Advances in Diagnostics and Management 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Epidemiology 21.3 What Is Cryptosporidium? 21.4 Mechanism of Cryptosporidium Infection 21.5 Diagnostic Methods 21.5.1 Acid-Fast Staining 21.5.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction 21.5.3 Immunofluorescence Assay 21.5.4 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 21.5.5 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification 21.5.6 Microscopy with Infrared Staining 21.6 Management 21.7 Prevention and Control 21.8 Future Perspectives 21.9 Conclusion References Chapter 22 Leishmaniasis: Current Trends in Microbiology and Pharmacology 22.1 Introduction 22.1.1 Global Epidemiology and Burden of Disease 22.1.2 Transmission and Vector Biology 22.2 Leishmania Species and Clinical Manifestations 22.2.1 Overview of Leishmania Species Causing Human Infection 22.2.2 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis 22.2.3 Visceral Leishmaniasis: Clinical Presentation and Pathogenesis 22.3 Microbiology of Leishmania 22.3.1 Life Cycle and Stages 22.3.2 Molecular Biology and Genomics of Leishmania 22.3.3 Host–Parasite Interactions and Immune Response 22.4 Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis 22.4.1 Diagnostic Methods 22.5 Drug Therapy for Leishmaniasis 22.5.1 First-Line Drugs and Their Mechanism of Action 22.5.2 Challenges and Limitations of Drug Therapy in Leishmaniasis 22.6 Drug Resistance in Leishmania 22.6.1 Genotypic Markers 22.6.2 Phenotypic Markers 22.6.3 Surveillance Methods 22.7 Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance in Leishmania 22.7.1 Combination Therapy 22.7.2 Optimized Treatment Regimens 22.7.3 Development of New Drugs 22.7.4 Drug Combination Screening 22.7.5 Drug Delivery Optimization 22.7.6 Molecular Surveillance and Monitoring 22.7.7 Combination of Drug Therapy with Immunomodulation 22.7.8 Education and Awareness 22.8 New Developments in Antileishmanial Drugs 22.8.1 Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways 22.8.2 Cell Signaling Pathways 22.8.3 Transporters 22.8.4 DNA Topoisomerases 22.8.5 High-Throughput Screening and Repurposing 22.8.6 Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery Systems 22.9 Repurposing Existing Drugs 22.9.1 Drug Screening 22.9.2 Mechanism of Action 22.9.3 Synergistic Combinations 22.9.4 Safety and Pharmacokinetics 22.9.5 Clinical Trials 22.9.6 Accessibility and Affordability 22.10 Vector Control and Leishmaniasis Prevention 22.10.1 Environmental and Personal Protection Measures 22.10.2 Public Health Interventions 22.10.3 Future Perspectives and Challenges 22.11 Conclusion References Chapter 23 Recent Trends in Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis and Management 23.1 Introduction 23.1.1 Epidemiology 23.1.2 Life Cycle and Pathophysiology 23.1.3 Clinical Presentation 23.1.4 Current Diagnostic Tests for Toxoplasmosis 23.2 Recent Advances in Diagnosis 23.2.1 Novel Enhanced Dot Blot Immunoassay That Uses Colorimetric Bioassay for T. gondii Detection 23.2.2 A Fluorescent Immunosensor with Chitosan-ZnO-Nanoparticles 23.2.3 YKL-40 as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker in Toxoplasmosis 23.2.4 Advances in Serological Methods Based on Recombinant Antigen of T. gondii 23.2.5 Advances in Serological Methods Based on Chimeric Antigens and Multiepitope Peptides of T. gondii 23.2.6 Advanced Molecular Technique 23.3 Current Management of Toxoplasmosis 23.3.1 Congenital Toxoplasmosis (CT) 23.3.2 Immunocompromised Patients 23.4 Need for Novel Treatment 23.5 Novel or Repurposed Therapeutic Molecules as Anti-Toxoplasma Activity 23.5.1 Searching for Compounds with Effects on Specific Parasitic Targets 23.5.2 Identifying Promising Compounds or Repurposing Potential Drugs Active Against Other Pathogens 23.5.3 Immunotherapeutic Arsenal Against Toxoplasmosis 23.6 Conclusion and Outlook Acknowledgment References Chapter 24 Recent Trends in Neurocysticerosis Diagnosis and Management 24.1 Introduction 24.1.1 Life Cycle, Biology, and Transmission 24.1.2 Etiopathogenesis 24.1.3 Symptoms and Characteristics of Cysticerci 24.1.4 Epidemiology 24.1.5 Risk Factors for Acquiring Neurocysticercosis 24.1.6 Diagnosis of NCC 24.1.7 Neuroimaging 24.2 Immunologic Diagnosis 24.2.1 Neuroimaging 24.2.2 Muscle and Cranium X-Rays 24.2.3 Immunologic Diagnosis 24.2.4 Prognosis 24.2.5 Diagnostic Criteria and Degrees of Diagnostic Certainty for Neurocysticercosis 24.2.6 Limitation and Prospects for Improvement in Neurocysticercosis 24.3 Management Approaches by Neurocysticercosis Form 24.3.1 Management of Neurocysticerosis 24.3.2 Role of Antiparasitic Drugs 24.3.3 Complications of Anti-Parasitic Drugs 24.3.4 Role of Corticosteroids 24.3.5 Role of Anti-Epileptic’s Drugs 24.3.6 Surgical Management for Neurocysticercosis 24.3.7 Issues and Challenges for Surgery of Neurocysticerosis 24.4 Conclusion References Chapter 25 Trichinosis: History and Current Trends 25.1 Background 25.2 Historical Reports of Trichinosis Infection 25.3 The Discovery of Trichinosis 25.4 Major Outbreaks of Trichinosis 25.4.1 Germany 25.4.2 Poland 25.4.3 Russia 25.4.4 Outbreaks in Other European Countries 25.4.5 Africa 25.4.6 Asia and Pacific Region 25.4.7 North and South America 25.5 Trichinosis Episodes in Animals 25.5.1 Pigs 25.5.2 Horses 25.5.3 Wild Boars 25.5.4 Dog 25.5.5 Bear 25.5.6 Marine Mammals 25.5.7 Other Animals 25.6 The Nematode: Trichinella sp. 25.7 Life Cycle of Trichinosis 25.7.1 Symptoms 25.7.2 Diagnosis 25.7.3 Management and Treatment with Medicines 25.8 Control of Trichinella Infection in Humans 25.9 Current Trend in Trichinella Epidemiology 25.10 Conclusion References Chapter 26 Schistosomiasis: Recent Clinical Reports and Management 26.1 Introduction 26.1.1 Acute Schistosomiasis 26.1.2 Established-Active-Infection 26.1.3 Late Chronic Infection 26.1.4 Immunology and Host–Parasite Interactions 26.1.5 Intestinal Schistosomiasis 26.1.6 Hepato-Splenic Schistosomiasis 26.1.7 Urogenital Schistosomiasis 26.2 Parasitology Diagnosis 26.3 Biomarkers: Screening, Detection of Worm Antigens and Specific Antibodies 26.4 Radiology 26.5 Management 26.5.1 Praziquantel 26.5.2 Limitations of Praziquantel 26.5.3 Artemisinin and its Derivatives 26.5.4 Adjuvants 26.5.5 New Anti-Schistosomal Drugs 26.5.6 Vaccines 26.6 Conclusion References Chapter 27 Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis: Evolutionary Dynamics, Advances in Diagnostics and Therapeutic Interventions 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Epidemiology for Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis 27.3 Pathogenesis of Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis 27.3.1 Acanthamoeba Species Intricated GAE 27.3.2 Balamuthia mandrillaris Intricated GAE 27.3.3 Naegleria fowleri Intricated GAE 27.3.4 Immune Responses and GAE 27.3.5 Histopathological Changes 27.4 Evolutionary Dynamics Involved in Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis 27.4.1 Evolution Regarding Genotypes of Pathogens in Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis 27.4.2 Acanthamoeba-Endosymbionts Relationship 27.4.3 Evolutionary Dynamics Related to Lesion Inside Host 27.5 Diagnosis for Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis 27.5.1 Traditional Method for Diagnosis 27.5.2 Advances in Diagnosis of Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis 27.6 Advances in Therapeutic Interventions for Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis 27.6.1 Treatment Therapy Used for GAE 27.6.2 Advances in the Treatment for Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis 27.7 Conclusion References Chapter 28 Epidemiology and Current Treatment Trends in “Thelaziasis” 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Causative Agents 28.2.1 Thelazia anolabiata 28.2.2 Thelazia bubalis 28.2.3 Thelazia callipaeda 28.2.4 Thelazia californiensis 28.2.5 Thelazia erschowi 28.2.6 Thelazia gulosa 28.2.7 Thelazia lacrymalis 28.2.8 Thelazia leesei 28.2.9 Thelazia rhodesii 28.2.10 Thelazia skrjabini 28.3 Morphology 28.3.1 Morphology of Thelazia gulosa 28.3.2 Morphology of Thelazia californiensis 28.3.3 Morphology of Thelazia rhodesii 28.3.4 Morphology of Thelazia skrjabini 28.3.5 Morphology of Thelazia lacrymalis 28.4 Mode of Transmission 28.5 Hosts and Vectors 28.5.1 Thelazia’s Relationship to Their Specific Hosts 28.5.2 Thelazia’s Relationship to Their Definitive Hosts 28.6 Life Cycle of Thelazia Species 28.7 Molecular Acumens of Thelaziasis Species 28.8 Geographical Distribution 28.9 Clinical Presentations of Thelaziasis 28.10 Diagnosis of Thelaziasis 28.11 Treatment Options for Thelaziasis 28.12 Precautionary Measures 28.13 Preventive Measures for Thelaziasis 28.14 Recent Trends in Thelaziasis Control 28.15 Conclusion References Chapter 29 Trypanosomiasis: Current Trends in Microbiology and Pharmacology 29.1 Introduction 29.2 History 29.3 Parasite 29.3.1 Classification of Trypanosomes 29.3.2 Trypanosoma brucei Specie 29.3.3 Tsetse Fly – Genus Glossina 29.4 Epidemiology of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) 29.4.1 Transmission Dynamics 29.4.2 Burden of HAT in Endemic Areas 29.4.3 Impact on Children and Women 29.4.4 Burden of HAT in Non-Endemic Areas 29.5 Life Cycle of Trypanosoma 29.6 Other Mechanisms of Transmission 29.6.1 Congenital Transmission 29.6.2 Sexual Transmission 29.6.3 Extremely Rare Transmission Route 29.7 Pathogenesis of HAT 29.7.1 Trypomastigotes Induced Inflammation in the Skin 29.7.2 Host-Trypomastigotes Immune Interactions in the Blood and Lymphatics 29.7.3 Central Nervous System Injury 29.8 Clinical Manifestations 29.8.1 Trypanosomal Chancre 29.8.2 Early Stage 29.8.3 Late Stage 29.9 Diagnosis 29.9.1 Serology 29.9.2 Microscopy 29.9.3 Molecular Diagnosis 29.10 Treatment 29.10.1 Pentamidine Isethionate 29.10.2 Suramin 29.10.3 Melarsoprol 29.10.4 Eflornithine 29.10.5 Nifurtimox 29.11 Control and Prevention 29.11.1 Vector Control 29.11.2 Identifying and Treatment of Cases 29.11.3 Other Control Methods 29.12 Challenges of Control and Prevention 29.13 Conclusion References Chapter 30 Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases of the Decade: Current Challenges and Future Directions 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Factors Leading to the Emergence and Re-Emergence of Infectious Diseases 30.3 Current Challenges of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases 30.4 Strategies/Possible Interventions 30.4.1 Strengthening Surveillance and Rapid Response Mechanisms 30.4.2 Conforming to International Health Regulations 30.4.3 Building Capacity in Epidemiology 30.4.4 Strengthening of Laboratory and Networks 30.4.5 Research and Development 30.4.6 Information Sharing and Partnerships 30.5 Future Directions 30.6 Conclusion References Index EULA Comprehensive yet succinct insight into the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases including COVID-19, mpox, Ebola, and Lyme disease Rising Contagious Diseases provides basic information about preventing and treating threatening infectious diseases from viral, bacterial, and parasitic sources, including 28 emerging or recurring diseases like COVID-19, mpox, Ebola, bird and swine flu, malaria, Legionnaires', and others. The text highlights molecular surveillance and epidemiology (including zoonotic pathogens or their variants), innovative strategies for pathogen detection, drug and vaccine development, appropriate preventive measures, cost-effective diagnostic procedures (assays), and effective therapeutic strategies. The text is unique due to its broad coverage of today's infectious diseases, covering several which are not similarly addressed elsewhere, with detailed insight from experts around the world. Composed of 30 chapters of fundamental facts alongside practical and clinical data, Rising Contagious Diseases covers sample topics such as: Re-emergence of certain diseases in recent decades due to dynamic host-pathogen interactions, anthropogenic selection, and climate change How real-time epidemiological surveillance can improve detection of infectious disease outbreaks or new infections of public health importance Up-to-date insight on transmission dynamics, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, advances in diagnostics, and management of covered diseases Effects of disease outbreaks on the world at large, such as through high morbidity and mortality rates and rising healthcare costs With detailed insight on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases, Rising Contagious Diseases is an essential reference for health care professionals, academics in the field of microbiology, immunology, infectious diseases, pathology, pharmacology and public health, and undergraduates and postgraduates in related disciplines.