Rhizobiont in Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste

This book describes many novel approaches of microbial bioremediation including conventional and modern approaches, metagenomics, biosurfactants and nano-based bioremediation. Also presents up-to-date knowledge about biodegradation of solid and liquid contaminants in the rhizospheric zone by plant (rhizo)-microbiome interface. It also illustrates communication pathways based on evolving methodologies, bioinformatic tools which provides insights into the functional dynamics of bioremediation process by the host-microbiome interface. The different chapters explain the mechanism and outcomes during the process of bioremediation. The book broadly depicts the following: Advances in bioremediation through nanoremediation, rhizo-remediation, bioremediation of different ecosystems like polluted waters, industrial effluents, bioremediation of metal and organic pollutants, toxic dyes etc. The book is very useful for researchers and students in the fields of applied and environmental microbiology. It is also meant for industry experts and professionals working in the field of bioremediation and waste management. Preface Contents About the Editors 1: Plant-Microbe Interactions for Bioremediation of Pesticides 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Pesticides Characteristics and Residue Risks 1.3 Phyto and Microbe Bioremediation 1.3.1 General Characteristics of Uptake and Translocation of Contaminants by Plants 1.3.2 Phytoremediation 1.3.3 Microbial Remediation 1.4 Rhizosphere Systems and Plant-Microbe Interactions 1.5 Plant-Microbial Remediation 1.6 Metabolite Identification and Analyses of Bioremediation Reactions 1.7 Conclusion References 2: Combined and Sustainable Techniques in Remediation of POPs-Contaminated Soil Sites 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sustainable Soil Remediation: Main Principles 2.3 Chemical Remediation 2.4 Increasing Contaminant Availability for Bioremediation 2.5 Intensification of Biological Processes Under the Influence of Oxidative Stress 2.6 Managing the Bioremediation Pattern 2.7 Bioremediation Approaches 2.8 Analytics 2.9 Conclusion References 3: Biosurfactants: A Green and Sustainable Remediation Alternative 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biosurfactants; Chemical Structure and Properties 3.2.1 Lipopeptides 3.2.1.1 Surfactin 3.2.2 Glycolipids 3.2.2.1 Rhamnolipids 3.2.2.2 Sophorolipids 3.2.3 Mannosylerythritol Lipids 3.3 Biosurfactants for Remediation 3.3.1 Lipopeptides 3.3.2 Rhamnolipids 3.3.2.1 Remediation of Metal Contamination 3.3.2.2 Remediation of Organic Contamination 3.3.3 Mannosylerythritol Lipids 3.3.3.1 Microbial Conversion of Contaminants/Wastes to MELs 3.3.3.2 Direct Use of MELs for Remediation 3.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 4: Biosurfactant Mediated Remediation of Heavy Metals: A Review 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Biosurfactants 4.3 Classification of Biosurfactants 4.4 Properties of Biosurfactant 4.4.1 Self-Aggregation 4.4.2 Specificity 4.4.3 Biodegradability 4.4.4 Stability 4.4.5 Low Toxicity 4.5 Role of Biosurfactants in the Remediation of Heavy Metals 4.6 Mechanism of Action 4.7 Biosurfactants Used in the Remediation of Heavy Metals 4.7.1 Rhamnolipids 4.7.2 Lipopeptides 4.7.3 Sophorolipids 4.7.4 Other Biosurfactants 4.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 5: Surface-Active Agents from Pseudomonas Emulsify n-Hexadecane: Past, Present, and Future Trends 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biological Impact of Oil Pollution 5.3 Oil Pollution Clean-up Methods 5.3.1 Booms 5.3.2 Chemical Dispersants 5.3.3 Skimmers 5.3.4 Sorbents 5.3.5 Burning 5.3.6 Beach Clean-Up 5.4 Biosurfactants and Bioemulsifiers Could Be an Eco-Sustainable Solution? 5.4.1 Bioemulsifiers 5.4.2 A Short Review on Bioemulsifiers from Marine and Non-Marine Microbes 5.4.3 Bioemulsifier Classification 5.4.3.1 Glycolipid Bioemulsifier 5.4.3.2 Rhamnolipid Bioemulsifier 5.4.3.3 Rhamnolipids from Non-Pseudomonads 5.5 How Difficult is Hexadecane Biodegradation? 5.6 Works from Our Laboratory 5.6.1 Isolation and Evaluation of Bacteria for Bioemulsifier Production 5.6.2 Chemical Properties of the Bioemulsifier from P. guguanensis 5.6.3 Biological Properties of the Bioemulsifier 5.6.4 Biosynthesis of Rhamnolipids of P. guguanensis as Compared with P. aeruginosa 5.7 Conclusion References 6: Application of Bio-Nanoparticles in Biotechnological Process Focusing in Bioremediation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nanotechnology 6.2.1 Nanoparticles 6.2.2 Organic Nanoparticles 6.2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 6.3 Nanoparticles Synthesis 6.3.1 Physical Methods 6.3.2 Chemical Methods 6.3.3 Biological Methods 6.4 Bio-Nanoparticles Producing Organisms 6.4.1 Microorganisms and Algae 6.4.2 Plant-Mediated Biosynthesis 6.4.3 Mechanisms of Nanoparticles Biosynthesis 6.4.3.1 Intracellular Synthesis 6.4.3.2 Extracellular Synthesis 6.5 Methods for NPs Characterization 6.6 Nanoparticles Applications. 6.6.1 Bioremediation 6.7 Conclusions References 7: Plant-Microbe Interactions in Attenuation of Toxic Waste in Ecosystem 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Microbe-Plant Relationship in Rhizosphere 7.3 Attenuation of Toxic Waste in the Rhizosphere 7.3.1 Rhizoremediation 7.3.1.1 Rhizoremediation of Toxic Organic Wastes in Soil 7.3.1.2 Rhizoremediation of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides 7.3.1.3 Root-Endophytic Attenuation of Toxic Wastes 7.4 Microbe-Plant Interactions in Phyllosphere 7.5 Attenuation of Toxic Waste in the Phyllosphere 7.5.1 Phylloremediation 7.6 Conclusion References 8: Biotransformation of Pollutants: A Microbiological Perspective 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Pollutants/Toxic Contaminants 8.3 Prominent Source of Toxic Compounds 8.4 Bioremediation: Biotransformations, Biodegradation, and Biocatalysis 8.5 Biotransformations and Microbes 8.6 Mechanism of Biotransformation 8.7 Examples of Microbial Transformations 8.7.1 Transformation of Pollutants 8.7.2 Biotransformation of Petroleum 8.7.3 Transformation of Pesticides 8.8 Factors Affecting Microbial Transformation 8.9 Future Prospects 8.10 Conclusion References 9: Plant-Microbe Interactions in Bioremediation of Toxic Wastes in Tropical Environment 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Physicochemical, Socioeconomic, and Health Impacts of Pollution 9.3 Phytoremediation Techniques in Removal of Toxic Waste 9.3.1 Rhizofiltration 9.3.2 Phytoextraction 9.3.3 Phytostabilization 9.3.4 Phytovolatilization 9.4 Uptake and Transportation of Toxic Substances in Plants 9.5 Detoxification of Toxic Substances in Plant Species 9.6 The Response of Plants to Stress from Toxic Substances 9.6.1 Plant Stress Response Induced by Environmental Pollutant 9.6.1.1 Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling 9.6.1.2 Abscisic Acid Signaling 9.6.1.3 Osmolytic Signaling 9.6.1.4 Systemic Signaling 9.7 Plant-Microbe Interactions in Attenuation of Toxic Substances 9.7.1 Plant-Microbial Interactions in Remediation of Polluted Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems 9.7.2 Plant-Microbe Interaction by Mutualism 9.7.3 Plant-Microbe Interaction in Decontamination of Soils 9.7.4 Plant-Microbe Interaction by Phytostabilization and Phytoextraction 9.8 Plant-Microbe Interaction in Biodegradation Processes 9.8.1 Plant-Endophytes Interaction 9.9 Conclusion References 10: Advanced Bioremediation Strategies for Mitigation of Chromium and Organics Pollution in Tannery 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Tannery Wastewater 10.3 Chromium and Organics Pollution 10.4 Toxicity of Chromium 10.5 Bioremediation 10.5.1 Mechanism of Cr6+Removal by Microorganisms 10.5.1.1 Biosorption 10.5.1.2 Bioaccumulation 10.5.1.3 Biostimulation 10.5.1.4 Bioaugmentation 10.5.1.5 Bioreduction 10.5.1.6 Immobilization and Elution of Chromium 10.6 Methods for Removal of Organic Pollutants from Tannery Wastewater 10.6.1 Chemical Methods 10.6.1.1 Coagulation and Flocculation 10.6.2 Biological Treatment 10.6.2.1 Aerobic Processes Activated Sludge Processes (ASP) Trickle Filters 10.6.2.2 Anaerobic Biological Treatment 10.6.3 Advanced Treatment Technologies 10.6.3.1 Membrane Technologies 10.6.3.2 Oxidation Processes (OPs) 10.6.3.3 Bioreactor System in Bioremediation 10.7 Future Prospects and Challenges in Bioremediation 10.8 Conclusion References 11: Current Approaches in Bioremediation of Toxic Contaminants by Application of Microbial Cells; Biosurfactants and Bioemulsi... 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Microbial Cells in Bioremediation of Toxic Pollutants 11.3 Factors Affecting Bioremediation 11.3.1 Availability of Nutrients 11.3.2 Temperature 11.3.3 Oxygen Content 11.3.4 Moisture Content 11.3.5 pH of Soil 11.3.6 Site Characterization 11.3.7 Metal Ions 11.4 Types of Microbial Bioremediation 11.4.1 Biostimulation 11.4.2 Bioattenuation 11.4.3 Bioaugmentation 11.4.4 Bioventing 11.4.5 Biosparging 11.4.6 Biopiles 11.4.7 Landfarming 11.4.8 Composting 11.4.9 Bioreactor 11.5 Mechanisms of Interaction Between Microbial Cells and the Metal Pollutant 11.6 Bioremediation of Toxic and Heavy Metals by Microorganisms 11.7 Microbial Mechanism of Degradation of Hydrocarbon Pollutants 11.7.1 Bioremediation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms 11.7.2 Bioremediation of Crude Oil-Based Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms 11.8 Bioremediation of Plastic Polymers by Microorganisms 11.9 Bioremediation of Recalcitrant Agro-Chemicals by Microorganisms 11.10 Microorganisms Used in Bioremediation of Dye Compounds 11.11 Bioremediation of Toxic Pollutants Using Genetically Modified Microorganisms 11.12 Bioremediation of Toxic Pollutants Using Microbial Biosurfactants and Bioemulsifiers 11.13 Conclusion References 12: Microbial Scavenging of Heavy Metals Using Bioremediation Strategies 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Bioremediation Strategies of Heavy Metal Pollutants 12.2.1 Bioremediation Using Bioaugmentation 12.2.2 Bioremediation Using Biosorption 12.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals by Bacteria 12.4 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals by Fungi 12.5 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals by Algae 12.6 Agents Affecting on HM Bioremediation 12.6.1 Biotic Factors 12.6.2 Abiotic Factors 12.6.2.1 Temperature 12.6.2.2 pH 12.6.2.3 Metal Ion Concentration 12.6.2.4 Nutrients and Oxygen Availability 12.7 Harmful Effect of Heavy Metals 12.8 Conclusion References 13: Plant-Microbe Interaction in Attenuation of Toxic Wastes in Ecosystem 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Plant Interaction with Soil 13.3 Plant Interaction with Microbes 13.4 Positive Interactions Between Plant and Microbes in Soil 13.5 Plant-Microbial Interaction-An Overview 13.6 Factors Affecting Interactions 13.6.1 Soil Factors 13.6.2 Plant Factors 13.6.3 Climate Factor 13.6.4 Microbial Factors 13.6.5 Environmental Factors 13.6.6 Biological Factors 13.7 Microbial Diversity Implicated in Plant Interactions 13.8 Plant-Microbial Interaction During Remediation 13.9 Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria 13.10 Hormones in Enhancing Growth During Remediation 13.11 Role of Endophytes and Mycorrhiza 13.12 Mechanism of Rhizoremediation 13.13 Enzymes and Genetic Implications of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation 13.14 Synergistic Rhizosphere Mechanisms for the Removal of Hydrocarbons in Polluted Soils 13.14.1 Biosurfactants 13.15 Environmental Factors Affecting Bioremediation of Contaminants by Plant-Microbe Interactions 13.16 Conclusion 13.17 Future Perspectives References 14: PGPR in Management of Soil Toxicity 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Soil Toxicity and Soil Health 14.3 How Toxic Compounds Reach Soil 14.3.1 Industrial 14.3.2 Land Disposal 14.3.3 Agrochemicals 14.3.4 Atmospheric (Acid Rain, Contaminated Dust Such as Sulphur Dust) 14.3.5 Domestic/Municipal 14.3.6 Irrigation (Untreated Waste Water and Saline Water) 14.4 Classification of Soil Toxic Compounds 14.4.1 On the Basis of Persistence 14.4.1.1 Persistent Pollutants 14.4.1.2 Non-persistent Pollutants 14.4.2 On the Basis of Chemical Nature 14.4.2.1 Inorganic Metal Nonmetal (Cyanide, Ammonia, Sulphur) 14.5 Organic Compounds 14.5.1 Chlorinated 14.5.2 Non-chlorinated 14.6 Solution to Soil Toxicity 14.7 Thermal Methods 14.7.1 Thermal Desorption (TD) 14.7.2 Smoldering 14.7.3 Incineration 14.7.4 Pyrolysis 14.7.5 Vitrification 14.7.6 Radio Frequency Heating/Hot Air Injection/Steam Injection 14.8 Chemical Methods 14.8.1 Encapsulation 14.8.2 Chemical Oxidation 14.8.3 Chemical Assisted Extraction 14.9 Use of Plants in Toxicity Removal 14.10 Use of Microbes Specifically PGPR ́s in Toxicity Reduction 14.11 Mechanism of PGPR Action 14.11.1 Acting as a Metal Chelator 14.11.2 Increases Bioavailability 14.11.3 Release of Extracellular Enzymes/Hormones 14.11.4 Through Microbial Transformation 14.12 Role of PGPR in Managing Soil Toxicity 14.12.1 Use of Inorganic Compounds 14.12.2 Use of Organic Compounds 14.13 Future Advancement 14.14 Conclusion References 15: Earthworms, Plants, and GMO ́s Towards Natural Bioremediation 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Habitat 15.3 Classification of Earthworms Based on Niche 15.4 Earthworms-Biomonitors of Soil Pollution 15.5 Earthworm-Home for Microbiota 15.6 Evolution and Resistivity for Survival in Pollution 15.7 Vermiremediation 15.8 Phytoremediation 15.9 Merits and Demerits of Phytoremediation 15.10 Biomagnification-A Major Disadvantage 15.11 Biomarkers in Plants 15.12 GMOs in Bioremediation 15.13 GMOs-Scope in Bioremediation 15.14 Conclusion References 16: Mitigation of Hazardous Contaminants: A Phyto-Microbiome Approach 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Plant-Microbe Interactions for the Remediation of Hydrocarbons as Environment Pollutants 16.3 Plant-Microbe Interactions for the Remediation of Heavy Metals as Environment Pollutants 16.4 Where Heavy Metals Come From? 16.5 Bioremediation as Technologies to Clean up the Environment of Heavy Metals 16.6 Phytoremediation as Technologies to Clean Up the Environment of Heavy Metals 16.7 Phytoremediation Can Be Classified into Different Applications (Jadia and Fulekar 2009) Such as 16.7.1 Phytofiltration or Rhizofiltration 16.7.2 Phytostabilization 16.7.3 Phytovolatilization 16.7.4 Phytodegradation 16.7.5 Phytoextraction 16.8 Plant-Microbe Interactions for the Remediation of Pesticides as Environment Pollutants 16.9 Bioremediation as Technologies to Clean Up the Environment of Pesticides 16.10 Phytoremediation as a Technology to Clean Up the Environment of Pesticides 16.11 Conclusions References 17: Microbes: A Potential Tool for Bioremediation 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Bioremediation 17.3 Microbial Bioremediation 17.4 Bioremediation Organisms 17.4.1 Bacteria 17.4.2 Fungi 17.4.3 Algae 17.5 Methods for Bioremediation 17.5.1 In Situ Bioremediation 17.5.2 Intrinsic In Situ Bioremediation 17.5.3 Engineered In Situ Bioremediation 17.5.3.1 Bioventing 17.5.3.2 Biostimulation 17.5.3.3 Bioaugmentation 17.5.3.4 Biosparging 17.6 Ex Situ Bioremediation 17.6.1 Slurry Phase Bioremediation 17.6.2 Solid Phase Bioremediation 17.6.2.1 Composting 17.6.2.2 Land Farming 17.6.2.3 Biopiles 17.7 Emerging Approaches in Bioremediation 17.7.1 Biosurfactants 17.7.2 Cell Immobilization 17.7.3 Nanobioremediation 17.7.4 Genetic Engineered Microorganisms 17.7.5 Chemotaxis 17.7.6 Metagenomics 17.7.7 Proteomics 17.8 Conclusion References 18: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Remediation Techniques for Textile Effluents in Context with Developed and Developing C... 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Types of Textile Dyes 18.3 Physical Remediation Techniques for Textile Effluents 18.3.1 China 18.3.2 India 18.3.3 Pakistan 18.4 Chemical Remediation Techniques for Dye Removal 18.4.1 Adsorption of Dyes 18.4.2 Chemical Oxidation of Dyes 18.4.3 Ozonation 18.4.4 Electro-Oxidation 18.4.5 Electrolysis of Dyes 18.5 Biological Remediation of Textile Effluents 18.5.1 Bacterial Degradation 18.5.2 Degradation Mechanism 18.5.3 Degradation by Fungi 18.6 Phytoremediation of Textile Dyes Effluent 18.7 Conclusion References 19: Remediation of Toxic Environmental Pollutants Using Nanoparticles and Integrated Nano-Bio Systems 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Properties of Nanoparticles 19.3 Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials 19.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 19.4.1 Biogenic Production of Nanoparticles Using Plants 19.4.2 Biogenic Production of Nanoparticles Using Microorganisms 19.5 Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Action 19.6 Remediation of Toxic Metals Using Nanoparticles 19.7 Remediation of Hydrocarbons Using Nanoparticles 19.8 Remediation of Hormones, Antibiotics, and Medicinal Drugs Using Nanoparticles 19.8.1 Remediation of Antibiotics 19.8.2 Remediation of Medicinal Drugs 19.8.3 Remediation of Hormones 19.9 Remediation of Dyes and Organic Solvents Using Nanoparticles 19.10 Remediation of Agro-Based Compounds Using Nanoparticles 19.11 Remediation of Organohalide Compounds Using Nanoparticles 19.12 Nanobioremediation Using Integrated Nano-Bio Systems 19.13 Nanobioremediation of Toxic Heavy Metals 19.14 Nanobioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 19.15 Nanobioremediation of Petroleum-Based Hydrocarbons 19.16 Bioremediation of Organic Solvents and Antibiotics 19.17 Bioremediation of Organohalide Compounds 19.18 Fate of Nanoparticles 19.19 Conclusion References 20: Bioremediation of Wastewaters 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Alternative Uses of Wastewaters 20.3 Treatment of Wastewaters 20.4 Bioremediation of Wastewaters 20.5 Conventional Activated Sludge Methods 20.5.1 Membrane Bioreactors 20.5.2 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR) 20.5.3 Aerobic Granulation Technology 20.5.4 Hybrid Technologies 20.6 Microbial Groups Used for Bioremediation 20.6.1 Microalgae 20.7 Conclusions 20.8 Future Perspectives References 21: Occurrence and Attenuation of Antibiotics in Water Using Biomass-Derived Materials 21.1 Introduction 21.2 The Occurrence of Antibiotics in Aquatic Systems 21.3 Removal Strategies of Antibiotics 21.4 Biomass-Derived Removal Materials 21.4.1 Raw Biomass 21.4.2 Biochar as a Low-Cost Alternative 21.5 Mechanisms of Removal of Abs Using BC 21.6 Challenges and Future Outlook 21.7 Conclusion References 22: Mangrove Forest Pollution and Remediation in the Rhizosphere 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Mangrove Contribution to Ecosystem 22.3 Threats to Mangrove Ecosystem 22.4 Causes of Mangrove Destruction 22.4.1 Mining Activities 22.4.2 Forest Exploitation 22.4.3 Coastal Development 22.4.4 Conversion to Agriculture and Aquaculture 22.4.5 Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal 22.4.6 Eutrophication 22.5 Oil Pollutants in the Mangrove Habitats 22.6 Plastic Pollution 22.7 Heavy Metal Pollution 22.8 Biological Approaches for Remediation in Mangrove Habitats 22.9 Microbial Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Mangrove Habitats 22.10 Symbiosis Between Microbes and Mangrove Plants 22.11 Microbial Biodiversity in Mangrove Ecosystems 22.12 Biotechnological Importance of Mangrove Microorganisms 22.13 Heavy Metal Removal in Mangrove Sediments 22.14 Conclusion References 23: Biotherapeutic Approaches: Bioremediation of Industrial Heavy Metals from Ecosphere 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Probiotics Microbial Strains for Biosphere Cleaning Up 23.3 Potential Prebiotics for Effective Biosphere Biotherapy 23.4 Severely Spoilt Biosphere by Heavy Metals 23.5 Microbial Consortia and Pollutants 23.6 Probiotics Mediated Bioremediation of Biofilms ``PIBB ́ ́: An Innovative Comprehension of Environmental Complications 23.7 Bioremediation Through the Application of Intrinsic or Extrinsic Probiotics Biotherapy 23.8 Micronano-Remediation: For Safe, Protected and Hygienic Macro-ecosystem 23.9 Prebiotics Exobioploymer ``Membrane - Bound Biopolymer Matrix ́ ́ (MBBM). 23.10 How Ruinous Exobioploymer Are Created in Real World? 23.11 Membrane-Bound Biopolymer Matrixomic Biofilm Hypothesis 23.12 Role of Membrane Bound Biopolymer Matrix ``MBBM ́ ́ 23.13 Engineering Rebellion Proposal 23.14 Conclusion References