Revolutionizing the Potential of Hemp and Its Products in Changing the Global Economy

This book provides the current status, research advances, challenges and opportunities of hemp products along with recommendations for future research. The surge in demand is fueling a global Green Rush, even in countries where a legal market for hemp products was unthinkable just a few years ago. The hemp market is growing globally and its products (fiber, food, medicine, etc.) are overwhelmingly accepted by the customers. With increasing market demand for more natural and greener products, the revolutionizing potential of hemp and its products in changing economy plays a major role. Moreover, considering their high demand and development of new varieties for producing raw material of need, breeding tools provide an effective means of development of varieties. This book aims to highlight the revolutionizing potential of hemp and its products in changing the economy, current status, and challenges. In addition, it provides the multi-functional and multi-industrial potential of hemp. Contents 1 Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)-Taxonomy, Distribution and Uses 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Taxonomy 1.3 Global Dispersal, Distribution and Cultivation 1.4 Uses 1.4.1 Use as Traditional Medicine, Food, Cosmetics and Others 1.4.2 As Therapeutic Agent in Modern Medicine 1.4.3 As Source for Fiber for Various Purposes 1.5 Conclusion References 2 Hemp Varieties: Genetic and Chemical Diversity 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Varieties of Hemp 2.3 Geographical Distribution 2.4 Genetic Diversity 2.5 Chemical Diversity in Cannabis Sativa 2.6 Chemotaxonomic Classification of Hemp 2.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 3 Legality of Worldwide Cannabis Use and Associated Economic Benefits 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Hemp Illegal Countries 3.3 Countries Using Hemp: Current Legal Status and Applications 3.3.1 Antigua and Barbuda 3.3.2 Argentina 3.3.3 Australia 3.3.4 Austria 3.3.5 Bangladesh 3.3.6 Barbados 3.3.7 Belgium 3.3.8 Bermuda 3.3.9 Bolivia 3.3.10 Brazil 3.3.11 Bulgaria 3.3.12 Canada 3.3.13 Cambodia 3.3.14 Chile 3.3.15 Colombia 3.3.16 Costa Rica 3.3.17 Croatia 3.3.18 Cyprus 3.3.19 Czech Republic 3.3.20 Denmark 3.3.21 Dominica 3.3.22 Ecuador 3.3.23 Egypt 3.3.24 Estonia 3.3.25 Finland 3.3.26 France 3.3.27 Georgia 3.3.28 Germany 3.3.29 Ghana 3.3.30 Greece 3.3.31 India 3.3.32 Iran 3.3.33 Ireland 3.3.34 Israel 3.3.35 Italy 3.3.36 Japan 3.3.37 Jamaica 3.3.38 North Korea 3.3.39 South Korea 3.3.40 Lebanon 3.3.41 Luxembourg 3.3.42 Malta 3.3.43 Mexico 3.3.44 Morocco 3.3.45 Nepal 3.3.46 Netherlands 3.3.47 New Zealand 3.3.48 Norway 3.3.49 Pakistan 3.3.50 Panama 3.3.51 Paraguay 3.3.52 Peru 3.3.53 Philippines 3.3.54 Poland 3.3.55 Portugal 3.3.56 Romania 3.3.57 Saint Vincent 3.3.58 Singapore 3.3.59 Slovenia 3.3.60 Spain 3.3.61 Sri-Lanka 3.3.62 Sweden 3.3.63 Switzerland 3.3.64 Thailand 3.3.65 Trinidad and Tobago 3.3.66 Turkey 3.3.67 Ukraine 3.3.68 United Kingdom 3.3.69 United States 3.3.70 Uruguay 3.3.71 Vanuatu 3.3.72 Zambia 3.3.73 Zimbabwe 3.4 Economic Benefits of Hemp 3.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 4 Hemp Usage in Textile Industry 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Hemp Cultivation for Fiber Production 4.3 Extraction of Hemp Fiber and Hemp Yarn Production 4.3.1 Extraction and Preparation of Fibers for Yarn Production 4.3.2 Spinning of Hemp Fibers 4.4 Hemp Fabrics and Their Usage 4.5 Wet-Processing of Hemp Fibers 4.5.1 Pre-treatments Applied to Hemp Fibers 4.5.2 Dyeing of Hemp Fibers 4.5.3 Finishing of Hemp Fibers 4.6 Hemp Economy: Case of Turkey 4.7 Conclusion and Prospects References 5 Pharmaceutical Applications of Hemp 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Endocannabinoid System 5.2.1 The Endocannabinoids 5.2.2 Endocannabinoid System Receptors 5.2.3 Endocannabinoid-Metabolizing Enzymes 5.2.4 Fatty-Acid Binding Proteins 5.3 Downstream and Crosstalk of ECS with Other Systems 5.4 Phytocannabinoids 5.4.1 Carboxylic Acid Biosynthetic Precursors 5.4.2 Cannabidiol (CBD) and Related Cannabinoids 5.4.3 Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Related Cannabinoids 5.4.4 Other Rare Cannabinoids 5.5 Terpenes 5.5.1 Monoterpenes 5.5.2 Sesquiterpenes 5.6 Flavonoids 5.7 Discussion and Conclusion 5.7.1 Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms Behind Hemp Cannabis Sativa Pharmacology 5.7.2 Initial Evaluations of the Therapeutic Applications of Hemp 5.7.3 Future Directions and Further Research References 6 Hemp Usage as Regular Food and in Nutraceutical Industry 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Production of Hemp 6.2.1 Hemp Products 6.3 Composition of Hemp 6.4 Potential Health Benefits 6.5 Applications of Hemp in Food Product and Nutraceutical 6.5.1 Microencapsulation Technologies 6.6 Future Prospects 6.7 Conclusion References 7 Hemp Usage in Cosmeceutical and Personal Care Industry 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Hemp for Cosmetics 7.3 Hemp in the Personal Care Industry 7.4 Confusion About Hemp Oil 7.5 Benefits of Hemp Oil for Skin and Hair 7.5.1 Anti-inflammatory 7.5.2 Nourishing 7.5.3 Moisturizing 7.5.4 Anti-aging 7.5.5 Antimicrobial Effects 7.5.6 Suitable for Sensitive Skin 7.6 Examples of Hemp Oil-Based Products 7.6.1 Carun Active Hemp Soap 7.6.2 Patchouli Hemp Bar Soap by Society 7.6.3 Hemp Body Butter by Body Shop 7.7 RADICAL Skincare Rejuvafirm CBD Facial Oil 7.8 Industrial Applications of Hemp 7.8.1 Furniture, Textiles, and Fabrics 7.8.2 Paper 7.8.3 Insulation and Building Materials 7.9 Composites and Plastic Alternatives 7.10 Hemp's Uses in Domestic Animals 7.11 Uses of Hemp in Energy Production 7.12 Conclusion References 8 Hemp Usage as a Green Building Material, Plastic, and Fuel 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Use of Hemp 8.2.1 Hemp Usage as a Green Building Material 8.2.2 Applications of Hemp-Based Concrete 8.3 Hemp usage as Plastic 8.3.1 Application of Hemp Plastic 8.4 Hemp as Fuel 8.5 Conclusion References 9 Demand and Supply Gaps: Seeds and Raw Material 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Hemp: A Multifaceted Crop 9.3 Application of Industrial Hemp (Fig. 9.1) 9.3.1 Utilization in the Textile Industry 9.4 Utilization in the Food Industry 9.4.1 Utilization in Paper Making Industry 9.4.2 Utilization in the Construction Material Industry 9.4.3 Utilization in the Plastic and Fuel Industry 9.4.4 Utilization in Chemical Cleanup 9.5 Manufacturing of Industrial Hemp (Fig. 9.2) 9.5.1 Compatible Condition for Industrial Hemp Manufacturing 9.5.2 Hemp Seed Production 9.6 Disease of Hemp 9.6.1 Hemp Blight 9.6.2 Hemp Leaf Spot 9.6.3 Hemp Powdery Mildew 9.6.4 Abiotic Diseases 9.6.5 White Mold Infection 9.6.6 Viral Infections 9.6.7 Nematode Infections 9.7 Management of the Hemp Diseases 9.8 Conclusion References 10 Selective Breeding for Cannabis Variety 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Botany of Cannabis 10.3 Breeding of Cannabis 10.3.1 Breeding for Fibre Quality 10.3.2 Breeding for Flowering Behaviour and Sex Determination 10.3.3 Breeding for Cannabinoid Content 10.3.4 Breeding for Stress Tolerance 10.4 Genomics of Cannabis 10.5 Constrains in Cannabis Breeding 10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 11 Pre- and Post-harvest Processing and Quality Standardization 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Hemp Diversity 11.2 Hemp Pre-processing 11.2.1 Hemp Phenotype 11.2.2 Cultivation of Fiber-type Hemp 11.2.3 Hemp Drying 11.3 Hemp Post-processing 11.3.1 Harvest 11.3.2 Hemp Toll Processing 11.4 Hemp Testing 11.4.1 Sampling 11.4.2 Analytical Testing 11.5 Hemp Biomass 11.5.1 Hemp Seed 11.5.2 Hemp Building Materials 11.6 The Economics of Hemp 11.6.1 Marketing Hemp 11.6.2 Hemp Crop Yield 11.6.3 Extraction Efficiency 11.6.4 Competition 11.7 Quality Standardization 11.7.1 Facilities 11.7.2 Registration and Authentication 11.7.3 Cannabis Standard Reference Materials 11.8 Smokable Hemp 11.8.1 Smokable Hemp Market 11.8.2 Regulatory Matters 11.8.3 Hemp Recon 11.9 Conclusions 11.9.1 Need for Regulatory Oversight 11.9.2 Carbon Farming 11.9.3 Future Outlook References 12 Scientific Testing, Forensic Identification, Evidences, and Differences in Policy Frameworks of Hemp 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Regulation of Cannabis in India Today 12.3 Cannabis in Indian Market 12.4 Hemp 12.5 History 12.6 The classification of Marijuana Under the C.S.A. 12.7 An Escape from Schedule I 12.8 The Status of Hemp Under Federal Law 12.9 The Development of State Cannabis Laws 12.10 State and Federal Law Conflict 12.11 Reasons for Limited Federal Enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act 12.12 The Emergence of Cannabidiol 12.13 Legal Status of Cannabidiol Under the Controlled Substances Act 12.14 Cannabidiol and the FDA 12.15 Cannabis-derived product going through the F.D.A. Approval Process 12.16 Conclusion References