Reviews of Environmental Contamination Volume 197: International Perspectives on Arsenic Pollution and Remediation

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications. Whitacre_161316_FM.pdf 1 Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2 Special Foreword 2 Acknowledgements 2 Contents 2 Whitacre_161316_Ch_01.pdf 8 : Introduction to Arsenic Contamination and Health Risk Assessment with Special Reference to Bangladesh 8 I Introduction 8 II Exposure Pathways for Arsenic 9 III Health Effects of Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic 11 IV Bioavailability of Ingested Inorganic Arsenic 12 V Application of the Health Risk Paradigm for Arsenic Contamination in the Bengal River Basin 14 A Hazard Identification 14 B Dose-Response Assessment 15 C Exposure Assessment 16 D Risk Characterization 17 VI Risk Mitigation for Arsenic Contamination 18 A Control Options 18 B Socioeconomic Factors 19 C Legal and Ethical Considerations 20 References 21 Whitacre_161316_Ch_02.pdf 23 2: Arsenic Pollution Sources 23 I Introduction 24 II Arsenic Speciation 25 III Natural Sources 26 A Arsenic Minerals in the Environment 26 B Arsenic Occurrence and Concentrations in Rock-Forming Minerals 27 C Arsenic Occurrence and Concentrations in Rocks 30 D Groundwater Contamination 31 IV Anthropogenic Sources 47 A Modern and Historical Uses of Arsenic 47 B Mining as a Source of Arsenic in the Environment 48 C Arsenic Emissions from Coal Burning 50 D Agricultural Use of Arsenic Compounds 52 E Wood Preserving Industry 53 References 57 Whitacre_161316_Ch_03.pdf 67 3: Onsite Testing for Arsenic: Field Test Kits 67 I Introduction 67 II Criteria for Field Monitoring 68 III Analytical Methods for Water Samples 69 A Laboratory-Based Reference Methods 69 B Field Testing Kits 70 C Analytical Methods for Sludge and Plants 78 D Analytical Methods for Volatile Arsenic in Gas Samples 79 References 79 Whitacre_161316_Ch_04.pdf 82 4: Technology for Remediation and Disposal of Arsenic 82 I Introduction 83 II Oxidation 84 A Passive Sedimentation 87 B In Situ Oxidation 87 C Chemical Oxidation 88 D Solar Oxidation 88 III Coagulation and Filtration 89 A Bucket Treatment Unit 91 B The Star Filter 92 C Fill and Draw Units 93 D Arsenic Removal Unit Attached to Tube Wells 93 E Iron-Arsenic (Fe-As) Removal Plants 94 F Lime Treatment 97 IV Sorptive Filtration 98 A Activated Alumina 98 B Granular Ferric Hydroxide 101 C Read-F Arsenic Removal Unit 102 D Iron-Coated Sand 103 E Shapla Arsenic Filter 104 F Sono Filter 105 G SAFI Filter 106 H Activated Carbon 107 I Indigenous Filters 107 J Cartridge Filters 108 V Ion Exchange 108 VI Membrane Techniques 110 A Techno-Food Water Technology 111 B MRT-1000 and Reid System, Ltd 111 C Low-Pressure Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis 112 D Mobile Reverse Osmosis 112 E Combined Sand and Nanofiltration 113 VII Bioremediation by Algae 113 VIII Phytoremediation of Arsenic 114 IX Comparison of Arsenic Removal Technologies 115 X Conventional Filtration 116 XI Alternative Water Supply Options 118 A Deep Tube Well 118 B Dug/Ring Well 119 C Surface Water Treatment 120 D Piped Water Supply 124 XII Operational Issues 124 A Costs 125 B Technology Verification and Validation 127 XIII Disposal of Generated Arsenic Waste 127 References 129 Whitacre_161316_Ch_05.pdf 134 5: A Multi-Criteria Approach for Assessing Options to Remediate Arsenic in Drinking Water 134 I Introduction 135 II Multi-Criteria Approaches (MCA) 135 III Defining Criteria and Indicators 136 IV Defining Arsenic Treatment Options 138 A Treatment Options 138 B Source Mitigation Technology Options 140 V MCA Performance Matrix 140 A Benchmarking 142 B Utility Scoring 142 VI Source Exposure Vector Criteria 143 A Raw Surface Water KPI (Key Performance Indicators) 143 B Groundwater KPI 146 VII Health Risk Criteria 146 A Toxicological KPI 146 B Infectious Disease Risk KPI 148 C Other Chemical Pollution KPI 150 VIII Cost Criteria 151 A Capital Cost KPI 151 B Operation and Maintenance Cost KPI 154 IX Community Acceptance Criteria 156 X Technical and Organizational Skill-Base Criteria 158 XI Community Location Criteria 158 XII Aggregating KPI Scores 161 A Factor Weighting and Sensitivity 162 B Exclusion Limits 164 References 165 Whitacre_161316_Ch_06.pdf 167 : Case Reports: Arsenic Pollution in Thailand, Bangladesh, and Hungary 167 I Introduction 168 II Arsenic Pollution in Thailand 168 A Background 168 B Source of Arsenic Contamination 169 C Arsenic Contamination of Water and the Local Environment 170 D Health Effects 170 E Mitigation of Arsenic Contamination 172 III Arsenic Pollution in Bangladesh 179 A Background 179 B Arsenic Mitigation Measures 180 IV Arsenic Pollution of Drinking Water in Hungary 183 A Background 183 B Mitigation of Arsenic-Contaminated Drinking Water in Hungary 186 References 190 Whitacre_161316_Index.pdf 192 : Index 192 Front Matter....Pages i-ix Introduction to Arsenic Contamination and Health Risk Assessment with Special Reference to Bangladesh....Pages 1-15 Arsenic Pollution Sources....Pages 17-60 Onsite Testing for Arsenic: Field Test Kits....Pages 61-75 Technology for Remediation and Disposal of Arsenic....Pages 77-128 A Multi-Criteria Approach for Assessing Options to Remediate Arsenic in Drinking Water....Pages 129-161 Case Reports: Arsenic Pollution in Thailand, Bangladesh, and Hungary....Pages 163-187 Back Matter....Pages 189-194 The concise, critical reviews in this volume cover recent advances in the field of xenobiotics in any segment of the environment. They also address areas of accomplishment and need and discuss toxicological implications