Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 259 (Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 259)

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications. Chapter “Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowledge Gaps” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via springer.com. Foreword Preface Contents List of Contributors Microplastics in the Food Chain: Food Safety and Environmental Aspects 1 Introduction 2 Plastic Material 2.1 Top 5 Plastics Found in Waste 2.1.1 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 2.1.2 Polypropylene (PP) 2.1.3 Polyphthalamide (PPA) 2.1.4 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 2.1.5 Polyethylene (PE) 3 Degradation of Plastic Polymers 3.1 Biodegradable Plastic 4 Plastic Waste Disposal 4.1 Burying in Landfill 4.2 Incineration 4.3 Recycling 5 EU Legislation Regarding Plastic Waste 5.1 Circular Economy Action Plan 5.1.1 Make Recycling Profitable for Business 5.1.2 Curb Plastic Waste 5.1.3 Stop Littering at Sea 5.1.4 Drive Investment and Innovation 5.1.5 Spur Change Across the World 6 Environmental Aspects 6.1 Terrestrial Ecosystem 6.2 Marine Ecosystem 6.3 Freshwater Ecosystem 6.4 Microplastics in Aquatic Organisms of Commercial Interest 7 Food Safety Aspects 7.1 Adverse Effects 7.2 Potential Effects on Humans 8 Conclusions References Toxicity of Graphene: An Update 1 Introduction 2 Physiochemical Properties Determine the Fate and the Toxicity of Graphene 3 In Vitro Toxicity 4 In Vivo Toxicity 5 Simulation Studies on Graphene Toxicity 6 Environmental Toxicity 7 Toxicity Is Beneficial in the Context of Cancer and Microbiology! 8 How to Reduce the Toxicity? 9 Conclusion References Multi-Level Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Stress in Aquatic Invertebrate Chironomids: Potential Applications in... 1 Introduction 2 Chironomids as Bioindicator Species in Aquatic Ecosystem 3 Molecular Genetic Research on Environmental Stress in Chironomids 3.1 Gene Responses to Physical Stressors in Chironomids 3.1.1 Heat Shock 3.1.2 Temperature 3.2 Gene Responses to Chemical Stressors in Chironomids 3.2.1 UV Filters 3.2.2 Heavy Metals 3.2.3 Nanoparticles 3.2.4 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs) 3.2.5 Insecticides 3.2.6 Antibiotics 3.2.7 Herbicides 3.2.8 Fungicides and Biocides 3.2.9 Carcinogenic Substances and Synthetic Estrogen 3.2.10 Mixture and Field Exposure 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Role of Structural Morphology of Commodity Polymers in Microplastics and Nanoplastics Formation: Fragmentation, Effects and As... 1 Introduction 1.1 Plastics, Microplastics and Nanoplastics 2 Sources and Behaviour 2.1 Properties of Commodity Polymers 2.2 Mechanical Properties 3 Fragmentation Pathways 4 Common Commercial Plastics and Their MP/NP Derivatives 4.1 Thermoplastics 4.1.1 Polyethylene 4.1.2 Polypropylene 4.1.3 Polystyrene 4.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride 4.1.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate 4.2 Thermosets 4.2.1 Polyurethane 4.2.2 Epoxy Resins 4.2.3 Poly(Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene) 4.2.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber 5 Toxicity of Commodity Polymer MPs and NPs 5.1 Thermoplastics 5.1.1 Polyethylene 5.1.2 Polypropylene 5.1.3 Polystyrene 5.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride 5.1.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate 5.2 Thermosets 5.2.1 Polyurethanes 5.2.2 Epoxy Resins 5.2.3 Poly(Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene) 5.2.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber 5.2.5 Interactions with Other Contaminants 6 Detection 7 Regulations and International Initiatives 8 Conclusions References Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowledge Gaps 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Scope of the Review 2.2 Identification of Pesticides of Top Concern for Aquatic Biota 3 Pesticides in the Canadian Aquatic Environment 3.1 National Results and Regional Contexts 3.2 Top-Priority Active Ingredients 3.3 Review of Top-Priority Active Ingredients 3.3.1 Herbicides Atrazine Presence in the Aquatic Environment Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms Diquat Presence in the Aquatic Environment Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms S-Metolachlor Presence in the Aquatic Environment Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms 3.3.2 Insecticides Chlorpyrifos Presence in the Aquatic Environment Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms Clothianidin Presence in the Aquatic Environment Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms Permethrin Presence in the Aquatic Environment Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms 3.3.3 Fungicides Chlorothalonil Presence in the Aquatic Environment Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms 4 General Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations 4.1 Baseline Fish and Fish Habitat Data 4.2 Pesticide Monitoring Data 4.3 Marine and Sediment Benchmarks 4.4 Mixture Toxicity 4.5 Study Design and Analytical Methods for Compounds with Low Benchmarks 4.6 Habitat and Food Web-Mediated Effects on Fish 4.7 Current-Use and Legacy Pesticides in the Arctic 5 Conclusions References Correction to: Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowl...