Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. Volume 251

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications. Foreword 5 Preface 7 Contents 10 Contributors 11 Trends and Health Risks of Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution in Global River and Lake Water from 1970 to 2017 13 1 Introduction 14 2 Materials and Methods 15 2.1 Data Collection 15 2.2 Trend Assessment 15 2.3 Health Risk Assessment 17 2.4 Source Apportionment 20 3 Results 20 3.1 Trends of Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution in Water 20 3.2 Human Health Risks of Dissolved Heavy Metals in Water 22 3.3 Sources of Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution in Water 22 4 Discussion 22 5 Conclusions 27 6 Summary 28 References 29 Anaerobic Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Comprehensive Review 37 1 Introduction 39 2 Physicochemical Properties of PAHs 42 3 Sources of PAHs 45 3.1 Pyrogenic Sources 46 3.2 Petrogenic Sources 47 3.3 Diagenetic and Biogenic Sources 48 4 Fate of PAHs in Aerobic Environments 49 5 Onset of Anoxia and Nature of Anoxic Environment 54 6 Persistence of PAHs Under Anaerobic Conditions 57 7 Feasibility of Anaerobic Biodegradation of PAHs 57 8 PAHs Biodegradation Under Nitrate-Reducing Conditions 60 8.1 PAHs Degradation by Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria 60 8.2 PAHs Biodegradation and Nitrate Consumption 67 8.3 Enhanced PAHs Biodegradation by Nitrate Amendment 67 9 PAHs Biodegradation Under Iron-Reducing Conditions 68 10 PAHs Biodegradation Under Sulfate-Reducing Conditions 69 10.1 PAHs Degradation by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria 69 10.2 Enhanced PAHs Biodegradation by Sulfate Amendment 75 11 PAHs Biodegradation Under Methanogenic Conditions 76 12 Anaerobic PAHs Degradation by Pure Cultures of Bacteria 81 13 Effects of PAHs Contamination on Anaerobic Microbial Community 83 14 Factors Affecting Anaerobic Biodegradation of PAHs 84 14.1 Influence of Structural Complexity of PAHs on Biodegradability 85 14.2 Effect of Prior Exposure to PAHs 86 14.3 Effect of Soil Amendments and Heavy Metals 87 14.4 Biosurfactants 88 15 Genetics and Biochemistry of Anaerobic PAHs Biodegradation 88 15.1 Mechanism of Naphthalene Biodegradation 89 15.1.1 Initial Activation of Naphthalene 89 15.1.2 Initial Activation of 2-Methylnaphthalene 93 15.1.3 Conversion of Naphthyl-2-Methylsuccinic Acid to 2-NA 93 15.1.4 Formation of 2-Naphthoyl-CoA from 2-NA by CoA Ligase 94 15.1.5 Ring Reduction of 2-NA 95 15.1.6 Ring Cleavage of Reduced 2-NA Products 98 15.2 Mechanism of Phenanthrene and BaP Biodegradation 100 16 Metabolite Profiling for Monitoring In Situ Anaerobic PAHs Biodegradation 102 17 Anaerobic Bioremediation of PAHs 104 18 Conclusion 106 19 Summary 106 References 107 Climate Change and Bivalve Mass Mortality in Temperate Regions 121 1 Introduction 122 2 Climate Change 123 3 Influence of Climate Change on Bivalve Mass Mortality 124 3.1 Warming Seawater Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Depletion 124 3.2 Open Windows of Opportunity for Toxins Producing Algae 125 3.3 Facilitating Deadly Pathogens Infestation 127 3.3.1 Vibrio splendidus 128 3.3.2 Roseovarius crassostreae 129 3.3.3 Herpes-Like Viruses 130 3.3.4 Perkinsus marinus 131 3.4 Ocean Acidification 132 4 Conclusions 133 5 Summary 134 References 134 Review of the Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Animals and Humans 142 1 Introduction 143 2 Methods 144 2.1 Search Strategy 144 2.2 Screening and Eligibility 145 2.3 Risk of Bias and Quality Assessment of Epidemiological Studies 146 3 Results 146 3.1 Description of Studies 147 3.2 Animal Experimental Studies 163 3.2.1 Exposure to Nonpersistent Chemicals in Rodents 163 Phenols (BPA, NP, and OP) 163 Reproductive Effects 163 Effects on the Metabolic System 168 Neurobehavioral Effects 169 Other Effects 170 Phthalates 170 Reproductive Effects 170 Metabolic Effects 171 Neurobehavioral Effects 171 3.2.2 Exposure to Persistent Chemicals in Rodents 172 Persistent Organochloride Compounds 172 Dioxins 173 Other Persistent Chemicals 173 3.3 Human Epidemiological Studies 174 3.3.1 Exposure to Nonpersistent Chemicals 174 3.3.2 Exposure to Persistent Chemicals 176 Effects on Offspring ́s Growth and Neurodevelopment 176 Effects on Offspring ́s Reproductive Development 177 Effect on the Offspring ́s Weight and Other Metabolic Parameters 178 Effects on Offspring ́s Immune System 178 Effects on Pregnancy Outcome 179 3.4 Mechanism of Action of EDCs 180 4 Conclusion 181 5 Summary 182 References 182 Front Matter ....Pages i-xiv Trends and Health Risks of Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution in Global River and Lake Water from 1970 to 2017 (Youzhi Li, Qiaoqiao Zhou, Bo Ren, Jia Luo, Jinrui Yuan, Xiaohui Ding et al.)....Pages 1-24 Anaerobic Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Comprehensive Review (Kartik Dhar, Suresh R. Subashchandrabose, Kadiyala Venkateswarlu, Kannan Krishnan, Mallavarapu Megharaj)....Pages 25-108 Climate Change and Bivalve Mass Mortality in Temperate Regions (Tan Kar Soon, Huaiping Zheng)....Pages 109-129 Review of the Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Animals and Humans (William Nelson, Ying-Xiong Wang, Gloria Sakwari, Yu-Bin Ding)....Pages 131-184