Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. . volume 209

Foreward.- The University of California-Davis Methodology for Deriving Aquatic Life: Pesticide Water Quality Criteria by Patti L. Tenbrook, Amanda J. Palumbo, Tessa L. Fojut, Paul Hann, Joseph Karkoski, and Ronald S. Tjeerdema.- Index. Foreword 5 Preface 7 Contents 9 Contributors 10 The University of California-Davis Methodology for Deriving Aquatic Life Pesticide Water Quality Criteria 11 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Definition of Numeric Criteria 13 1.2 Goal and Level of Organization to Protect 15 2 Data for Criteria Generation 16 2.1 Kinds of Data 16 2.1.1 Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity Data 17 2.1.2 Hypothesis Tests vs. Regression Analysis 19 2.1.3 Endpoints 21 2.1.4 Multispecies (Field/Semi-field, Laboratory) Data 23 2.1.5 Data from Multi-pathway Exposures 24 2.1.6 Toxicity Data that Incorporate Time 24 2.2 Filling Data Gaps with Estimation Techniques 25 2.2.1 Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) 25 2.2.2 Interspecies Correlations for Estimation of Toxicity 26 2.2.3 Estimating Chronic Toxicity from Acute Data 26 2.3 Data Sources and Literature Searches 27 2.4 Data Summaries of Ecotoxicity Data 30 2.5 Data Evaluation 30 2.5.1 Physical--Chemical Data 32 2.5.2 Ecotoxicity Data Evaluation 35 2.6 Data Quantity -- Ecotoxicity 42 2.7 Data Reduction 45 3 Criteria Calculation 47 3.1 SSD Procedure 48 3.1.1 Distribution Shape and Fit 48 3.1.2 Percentile Cutoff 62 3.1.3 Level of Confidence 63 3.1.4 Aggregation of Taxa and Outliers 64 3.1.5 Comparison of Methods 65 3.1.6 SSDs in the UCDM 69 3.2 AF Procedure 70 3.2.1 Appropriate Use of AFs 72 3.2.2 Toxicity Values 73 3.2.3 Magnitude Factors 74 3.2.4 Acute Factors 74 3.2.5 Acute-to-Chronic Ratios (ACRs) 76 3.3 Averaging Periods 79 3.4 Allowable Frequency of Exceedance 81 3.4.1 Review of the Literature 81 3.4.2 Allowable Frequency of Exceedance -- Conclusion 85 4 Water Quality Effects 86 4.1 Bioavailability 86 4.2 Mixtures 90 4.2.1 Additivity 91 4.2.2 Non-additivity: Synergism and Antagonism 94 4.2.3 Combined Models 95 4.2.4 Conclusions on Mixtures 97 4.3 Other Water Quality Effects 97 5 Check Criteria Against Ecotoxicity Data 97 5.1 Sensitive Species 98 5.2 Ecosystem and Other Studies 98 5.3 Threatened and Endangered Species 98 6 Partitioning to Other Environmental Compartments 99 6.1 Bioaccumulation/Secondary Poisoning 99 6.2 Harmonization with Sediment and Air Criteria 102 7 Assumptions and Limitations 103 7.1 Assumptions, Limitations, and Uncertainties of the UCDM 103 7.2 Data Generation to Improve Criteria Derivation 104 8 Guideline Format 105 9 The UCD Methodology 105 9.1 Goals and Definitions 105 9.1.1 Relevant Compounds 106 9.1.2 Definition of Numeric Criteria 106 9.1.3 Overview 106 9.2 Data 106 9.2.1 Data Collection 108 9.2.2 Data Evaluation 111 9.2.3 Filling Chronic Toxicity Data Gaps with Estimation Techniques 113 9.2.4 Data Reduction 113 9.2.5 Data Graphing 115 9.3 Acute Criterion Derivation 115 9.3.1 Data Requirements Applicable to Use of the SSD 115 9.3.2 Derivation of a Criterion Using an SSD 116 9.3.3 Derivation of an Acute Criterion Using an AF 123 9.4 Chronic Criterion Derivation 124 9.4.1 Derivation of a Chronic Criterion Using an SSD 124 9.4.2 Derivation of a Chronic Criterion Using an ACR 124 9.4.3 Derivation of a Chronic Criterion for a Herbicide 127 9.5 Incorporation of Water Quality Effects into Criteria Compliance 127 9.5.1 Bioavailability 128 9.5.2 Mixtures 129 9.5.3 Temperature, pH, and Other Effects 131 9.6 Checking Criteria Against Ecotoxicity Data 134 9.6.1 Sensitive Species 134 9.6.2 Ecosystem and Other Studies 135 9.6.3 Threatened and Endangered Species 135 9.7 Partitioning to Other Environmental Compartments 137 9.7.1 Bioaccumulation/Secondary Poisoning 137 9.7.2 Harmonization with Air or Sediment Criteria 142 9.8 Reviewing Assumptions and Limitations to Derived Criteria 143 9.9 Final Criteria Statement 144 10 Summary 144 Acknowledgments 146 Appendix: Acute Chlorpyrifos Data Collected for Criteria Derivation Using the UCDM Derivation 147 References 152 Index 166 Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications. Front Matter....Pages i-xi The University of California-Davis Methodology for Deriving Aquatic Life Pesticide Water Quality Criteria....Pages 1-155 Back Matter....Pages 157-161