Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 193

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications. Cover......Page 1 Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology VOLUME 193......Page 2 Title Page ......Page 3 ISBN: 0387731628......Page 4 Foreword......Page 5 Preface......Page 7 Table of Contents......Page 10 I. Introduction......Page 11 II. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons as Key Environmental Pollutants......Page 14 III. Implementing Remediation Technologies for Organochlorine-Contaminated Sites......Page 18 A. Soil......Page 21 B. Groundwater......Page 23 IV. Definitions of an Integrated Approach......Page 26 B. Wastewater Treatment......Page 27 C. Characterization of Waste Streams......Page 29 V. Discussion......Page 30 Summary......Page 31 References......Page 32 I. Introduction......Page 40 A. Physicochemical Properties......Page 41 C. Mode of Toxic Action......Page 45 III. Methods of Analysis......Page 47 IV. Environmental Fate and Occurrence......Page 48 V. Photodegradation......Page 49 VI. Metabolism in Microorganisms, Plants, and Animals......Page 52 References......Page 57 Parameters for Carbamate Pesticide QSAR and PBPK/PD Models for Human Risk Assessment......Page 62 I. Introduction......Page 63 II. Nature of Carbamate Insecticides......Page 65 Phenylmethylcarbamates......Page 66 Multiple ring carbamates......Page 67 Oxime carbamates......Page 68 Acute oral toxicity......Page 69 Acute dermal toxicity......Page 70 III. QSAR Models for Predicting Biological Parameters Used in PBPK/PD Models......Page 71 A. Human Oral Bioavailability......Page 72 B. Toxicity Models......Page 73 D. Tissue:Blood Partition Coefficients......Page 75 History......Page 77 Dose–response, pharmacokinetic, and metabolism studies involving carbamate pesticides......Page 78 Partition coefficients from in vitro data......Page 80 Tissue : Blood Partition Coefficients from Mechanistic Models......Page 82 Selection of log Po:w and log Do:w Values for Use in Mechanistic Models......Page 84 Partition Coefficients for Carbamates and Metabolites......Page 87 Graphs of log DpH 7.4 vs. Adipose Tissue : Blood and Liver : Blood Partition Coefficients......Page 88 D. Glucuronidation and Transcellular Transport......Page 91 Cytochrome P450s......Page 92 In Vitro Metabolism of Aldicarb, Carbaryl, and Carbofuran by Human and Rat Liver Microsomes and Individual CYPs......Page 93 Hydrolysis of Carbamates by CaEs......Page 95 Aldicarb......Page 96 Carbaryl......Page 97 Carbofuran......Page 98 Methiocarb......Page 99 Methomyl......Page 100 Pirimicarb......Page 101 Propoxur......Page 102 G. Response: In Vivo antiChE activity......Page 103 Carbaryl......Page 104 Oxamyl......Page 105 Thiodicarb......Page 106 AChE......Page 107 BChE......Page 110 B. AChE, BChE, and CaE Substrate Selectivities (Activity in Crude Tissue Preparations, Concentrations in Tissues, and Effects of Tetramer on Active Sites and Purififi cation)......Page 111 Determination of AChE, BChE and CaE in crude tissue preparations......Page 112 Active sites, a measure of B-esterase concentrations in tissue......Page 113 Purification of AChE, BChE, and CaE......Page 117 A. Hydrolysis of Substrates......Page 118 Acylation/hydrolysis, AChE, BChE, and CaE......Page 119 Kinetic activity of AChE, BChE, and CaE......Page 120 Inhibition of more than one form of enzyme......Page 121 Decarbamylation of Inhibited Molecular Forms, First-Order Rate Constant......Page 122 C. Bimolecular Rate Inhibition Constants, ki, for the Ten Carbamates......Page 123 Carbaryl-AChE and BChE Inhibition......Page 125 Methiocarb-AChE and BChE Inhibition......Page 126 VII. Discussion......Page 127 Summary......Page 131 References......Page 132 Appendix A: Chemical structures, physical parameters, and tissue: partition coefficients of parent carbamates and metabolites.......Page 151 Appendix B. Metabolic Pathways and Preliminary Metabolic Rate Constants (Vmax, Km) for the Metabolism of Parent Carbamates and Metabolites.......Page 196 Appendix C. Physiological model for aldicarb depicting its metabolic pathway.......Page 216 i. Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 217 ii. Chemical and Mathematical Expressions......Page 219 I. Introduction......Page 222 II. Production and Use......Page 224 A. Air, Water, Sediments, and Soils......Page 225 B. Biological Samples......Page 239 C. Foodstuffs......Page 251 D. Human Exposure......Page 252 E. Dioxin Contamination......Page 253 A. Transport Behavior in Tropical Environments......Page 278 B. Bioaccumulation in Biota......Page 281 V. Temporal Trends......Page 282 VI. Environmental and Human Health Implications......Page 286 VII. Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 291 Acknowledgments......Page 293 References......Page 294 Index......Page 300 Annotation Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy, and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicologocial implications. It facilitates the task of accessing and interpreting cogent scientific data and will be of interest to researchers, resource managers, and policy administrators