Reverse Osmosis Membrane Research : Based on the Symposium on “Polymers for Desalination” Held at the 162nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, D.C., September 1971

Th i s book had its orl gl n in the sympos i urn on "Polymers for Desalination" sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry of the American Chemical Society and held in September, 1971 in Wash­ ington D. C. at the 162nd national meeting of the Society. However, the book is not simply the proceedings of that symposium. A num­ ber of additional papers were contributed by other workers in the field, and the original papers presented at the symposium have, for the most part, been expanded. The book thus represents a broad cross section of membrane research and development activities in the United States and abroad within the field of reverse osmosis. The purposes of the book are to bring attention to important new developments in this field, to suggest what the next generation of reverse osmosis equipment may look like, and to indicate where fur­ ther research and development are needed. The vast majority of the papers collected here represent work supported by the Office of Saline Water of the United States Department of the Interior, and the emphasis here is clearly on the application of the reverse os­ mosis process to water purification. However, many of the concepts, methods, and conclusions are expected to be useful in other areas of membrane science and technology. Front Matter....Pages i-xi Introduction....Pages 1-14 Front Matter....Pages 15-15 Water and Salt Transport in Hyperfiltration....Pages 17-42 Concentration Polarization in Hyperfiltration Systems....Pages 43-58 Front Matter....Pages 59-59 The Use of Solubility Parameters for Solvent Selection in Asymmetric Membrane Formation....Pages 61-84 The Mechanism of Membrane Formation: Membrane Structures and Their Relation to Preparation Conditions....Pages 85-110 Influence of Processing Variables on the Transport Properties of Celluose Acetate Membranes. Ultimate Elongation, Birefringence, and Transport Characteristics....Pages 111-129 Cellulose Acetate Blend Membranes....Pages 131-161 Stabilization of Cellulosic Desalination Membranes by Crosslinking....Pages 163-175 The Preparation and Properties of Styrene Grafted Cellulose Acetate Membranes for Desalination....Pages 177-203 Continuous Casting of Asymmetric Tubular Reverse Osmosis Membranes....Pages 205-240 Front Matter....Pages 241-241 The Phenomenological Characterization of DP-1 Membranes....Pages 243-252 Properties of Aromatic Polyamide and Polyamide-Hydrazide Membranes....Pages 253-261 Morphology and Reverse Osmosis Properties of Sulfonated 2,6-Dimethyl Polyphenylene Oxide Membranes....Pages 263-284 PBI Reverse Osmosis Membranes: An Initial Survey....Pages 285-297 Reverse Osmosis Properties of Ionic and Nonionic Polymer Membranes....Pages 299-316 Ionic Block Copolymers as Piezodialysis Membranes....Pages 317-327 Front Matter....Pages 329-329 Hollow-Fiber Reverse Osmosis Membranes....Pages 331-340 Development of in Situ Casting of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Tubules through the Hydrocasting Method....Pages 341-376 Front Matter....Pages 377-377 Polyelectrolytes in Aqueous Solutions—Filtration, Hyperfiltration, and Dynamic Membranes....Pages 379-403 Polyacrylic Acid Composite Membranes for Brackish Water Desalination....Pages 405-418 Front Matter....Pages 377-377 Tubular Ultrathin Cellulose Acetate Membranes for Water Desalination....Pages 419-435 Preparation, Morphology, and Transport Properties of Composite Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Seawater Desalination....Pages 437-456 X-Ray Studies of Ultrathin Desalination Membranes....Pages 457-473 Porous Tubulets for Desalination Barriers....Pages 475-490 Front Matter....Pages 491-491 Future Trends of OSW Membrane Research....Pages 493-500 Back Matter....Pages 501-503 I. Fundamentals.- Water and Salt Transport in Hyperfiltration.- Concentration Polarization in Hyperfiltration Systems.- II. Cellulosic Membranes.- The Use of Solubility Parameters for Solvent Selection In Asymmetric Membrane Formation.- The Mechanism of Membrane Formation: Membrane Structures and Their Relation to Preparation Conditions.- Influence of Processing Variables on the Transport Properties of Cellulose Acetate Membranes. Ultimate Elongation, Birefringence, and Transport Characteristics.- Cellulose Acetate Blend Membranes.- Stabilization of Cellulosic Desalination Membranes by Cross1i