Rethinking Turkey-Iraq Relations: The Dilemma of Partial Cooperation (Middle East Today)

"This book explores key historical episodes to understand the reasons and consequences of the enduring partiality problem in cooperation between Turkey and Iraq. Notwithstanding their mutual material interdependence and common cultural heritage, these two close neighbors have stayed far from achieving comprehensive cooperation. The author examines contextual-discursive dynamics shaping Turkey-Iraq partial cooperation around critical events, such as the Saadabad-Baghdad pacts, the Gulf War, the US Invasion, and the war against ISIS. Leading pro-government Turkish daily newspapers of the period are analyzed to highlight ambivalent ontological-rhetorical modes and ambiguous political narratives-frames that perpetuate paradoxes of partiality in Ankara's rationalization and contextualization of cooperation with Baghdad and Erbil."--Page [4] of cover Dedication 6 Preface 8 Contents 14 List of Abbreviations 16 List of Tables 18 Chapter 1: Introduction: Theoretical and Empirical Outline 19 This book is a monograph aiming to analyze theoretical and historical implications of Turkey–Iraq relations. By looking at the critical turning points of almost a century-long relationship, it seeks to understand reasons and consequences of 19 Research Design: Combining Macro–Micro Levels of Analyses 22 Making of Partial Cooperation: Research Questions and Data Analysis 24 Integrated Conceptual Framework: Contextual Reasons and Discursive Reasonings 26 Making of Contexts: Ontological Modes and Rhetorical Models 28 Making of Discourses: Reasonings, Narratives, and Frames 32 Making of Partial Cooperation: Hypothetical Typologies 41 References 44 Chapter 2: Prelude to Cooperation: Saadabad Pact and Dyadic Costs 53 Pre-Event Analysis: Contextual Reasons 55 Foundation of the Mosul Issue: From Misak-ı Millî to the Sèvres 55 Lingering of the Problem after the Lausanne 58 Sheikh Said Rebellion and the Mosul Dispute: Local Linkages 65 Takrir-i Sükûn: Kurdish Issue and Regime Security 66 Trilateral Border Agreement: A New Beginning 69 The Event Analysis: Discursive Reasonings 72 Initialization of the Oriental Entente: Reinterpreting the Italian Threat 73 Moving to Baghdad: Representation of Dersim Revolt in Cumhuriyet 74 Tracking Issue Linkages: Framings of Hatay, Oil, and Trade 77 After the Signing of Şark Misakı: A Tentative Story 81 Post-Event Analysis: Contextual Consequences 87 Conclusion: Episodic Findings 90 References 93 Chapter 3: Epilogue of Cooperation: Baghdad Pact and Regional Ramifications 97 Pre-Event Analysis: Contextual Reasons 100 Making of the 1946 Agreement: A New Logic for Bilateral Cooperation 101 Rationalization of Re-Alignment: Preconceptions on Regional Defense 103 The Event Analysis: Discursive Reasonings 105 The Joint Communiqué: A Quest for Meaning of Cooperation 105 Explaining Good Reasons for the Joint Defense Pact 107 Struggling Against the Egyptian Propaganda: Ideological Faces of Cooperation 108 Reiteration of Cooperation Narrative and Reframing of Utilitarian Rationales 110 The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation: Alliance in the Making 113 After the Ratification: Rhetorical Construction of Better Future 115 Post-Event Analysis: Contextual Consequences 118 After the Suez Crisis: Testing the Alliance Narrative 119 Working with the Pact Members and Unfolding of the Syrian Crisis 121 Iraqi Revolution and Unmaking of Cooperation 123 Conclusion: Episodic Findings 127 References 130 Chapter 4: Prologue to Non-Cooperation: Gulf War and International Implications 134 Pre-Event Analysis: Contextual Reasons 135 Post-Pact Problems: Kurdish Question, Oil, and Water 135 The Iran–Iraq War: Regionalization of the Kurdish Issue 138 Refugee Crisis: Staging of Abandonment 141 Making of Pre-War Circumstances: Rhetorical Strategy for Non-Cooperation 142 The Event Analysis: Discursive Reasonings 146 Liminal Frames in Storytelling: Neither in Nor Out of the War 148 Rationalization of the Second Front: Opening but Not Entering 150 Post-War Prepackaging: Ambiguous Presuppositions on Peace 156 Post-Event Analysis: Contextual Consequences 160 Conclusion: Episodic Findings 163 References 167 Chapter 5: Finale of Non-Cooperation: US Invasion and Local Losses 171 Pre-Event Analysis: Contextual Reasons 172 Redeployment of Security Rhetoric 172 Permission for Site Surveys: Moving Toward the Motion Crisis 177 The Event Analysis: Discursive Reasonings 180 Opening the Air Corridor: Formulation of Indispensability Theses 182 The Third Motion: Constructing Reasons for Re-Entry 184 Meaning of the Coalition: Incoherent Premises 195 Toward the Fall of Baghdad: Consequential Framing 202 Post-Event Analysis: Contextual Consequences 205 Cross-Border Operations and Renewal of Bilateral Cooperation 207 Transformation of Raison D’état and Reformulation of Comprehensive Engagement 211 Conclusion: Episodic Findings 216 References 219 Chapter 6: Conclusion: Cross-Episodic and Overarching Findings 223 Cross-Episodic Findings: Commonalities and Differences 224 Cooperation Episodes 224 Basic Contextual Reasons 225 Dominant Discursive Reasonings 226 Basic Contextual Consequences 227 Non-Cooperation Episodes 228 Basic Contextual Reasons 229 Dominant Discursive Reasonings 231 Basic Contextual Consequences 233 Overarching Findings: Continuity and Change 235 Contextual Continuity and Change 236 Discursive Continuity and Change 238 Reference 241 Chapter 7: Post-Script: Perpetuation of Partial Cooperation 242 Between Baghdad and Erbil: Ankara’s Remaking of Partial Cooperation 243 Opening of the Ongoing Episode: Turkey’s (Un)Making of the War against ISIS 246 Beyond the Long War: The Partial Future of Turkey–Iraq Cooperation 254 Final Remarks and Research Recommendations 258 References 259 Index 260 Front Matter....Pages i-xvii Introduction: Theoretical and Empirical Outline....Pages 1-34 Prelude to Cooperation: Saadabad Pact and Dyadic Costs....Pages 35-78 Epilogue of Cooperation: Baghdad Pact and Regional Ramifications....Pages 79-115 Prologue to Non-Cooperation: Gulf War and International Implications....Pages 117-153 Finale of Non-Cooperation: US Invasion and Local Losses....Pages 155-206 Conclusion: Cross-Episodic and Overarching Findings....Pages 207-225 Post-Script: Perpetuation of Partial Cooperation....Pages 227-244 Back Matter....Pages 245-259 Annotation This text explores key historical episodes to understand the reasons and consequences of the enduring partiality problem in cooperation between Turkey and Iraq. Notwithstanding their mutual material interdependence and common cultural heritage, these two close neighbours have stayed far from achieving comprehensive cooperation. The author examines contextual-discursive dynamics shaping Turkey-Iraq partial cooperation around critical events, such as the Saadabad-Baghdad pacts, the Gulf War, the US Invasion, and the war against ISIS