Rethinking Revolutions From 1905 to 1934 : Democracy, Social Justice and National Liberation Around the World

Around the world, social movements have become legitimate, yet contested, actors in local, national and global politics and civil society, yet we still know relatively little about their longer histories and the trajectories of their development. This series seeks to promote innovative historical research on the history of social movements in the modern period since around 1750. We bring together conceptually-informed studies that analyse labour movements, new social movements and other forms of protest from early modernity to the present. We conceive of 'social movements' in the broadest possible sense, encompassing social formations that lie between formal organisations and mere protest events. We also offer a home for studies that systematically explore the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in which social movements can emerge. We are especially interested in transnational and global perspectives on the history of social movements, and in studies that engage critically and creatively with political, social and sociological theories in order to make historically grounded arguments about social movements. This new series seeks to offer innovative historical work on social movements, while also helping to historicise the concept of 'social movement'. It hopes to revitalise the conversation between historians and historical sociologists in analysing what Charles Tilly has called the 'dynamics of contention'. Volume Preface Preface Contents Notes on Contributors 1 Three Decades of Global Revolution at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century: The Search for Democracy, Social Justice and National Liberation Phases of Research on Revolution—Some Historiographical Contextualization Three Revolutionary Decades at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, 1905–1934: Common Themes and Threads Part I Revolutions Around the World 2 Leading the Workers, Leading the Peasants: The Russian Revolution 1897–1921 With the Workers Losing the Workers Leading the Peasantry 3 Imagining, Scripting and Enacting Revolution in Early Twentieth-Century China: The Xinhai Revolution of 1911 The Intellectual Premises: Reframing China’s Place in Global Time and Space Scripting and Enacting a National Revolution for China Conclusions: The Xinhai Revolution as a Cultural Transition 4 Frontiers of Revolution and Empire in the Middle East Introduction Prologue to Revolutions: Revolt Against Empire in the Frontiers War and Revolution at the Frontiers of Empires, 1905–1939 Constitutional Revolutions and Frontier Effects, 1905–1911 Revolutionary Frontiers of Total War, 1912–1916 Revolts and Revolutions at the Final Frontier, 1917–1939 In Lieu of a Conclusion: Continuities at the Frontiers of Revolution and Empire 5 Land and Freedom: Anarchists and Indians in the Crossfire of Colonial Expansion and Social Revolution in Latin America from 1848 to 1917 Introduction Divided Histories Between Anarchists and Indians Anarchist Colonization in Latin America The Commune Topolobambo in Mexico Entangled Revolutionary Experiences: Anarchists and Indians in the Mexican Revolution Land and Freedom The Commune of Morelos: Emiliano Zapata and the Magonistas Conclusion: Agrarian Social Thought and Communalist Agrarianism Part II Revolutions, Revolutionaries, and Counter Mobilisation in Europe 6 Global Versus National Revolutionaries: Italian Trajectories from the ‘Great Migration’ to the ‘Fascist Revolution’ Introduction Global Revolutionaries: Italian Migrants as Ethnic and Political Brokers Around the Atlantic From the Global Setting to the National: A Tangle of Action and Mutual Support Domestic Issues and Competing Visions of Social Change Within an Evolving Political Context Reformism vs Syndicalism ‘Societas Christiana’ vs ‘Revolution’ War and Revolution Class, Nation and Revolution in the Aftermath of the Great War: The Turbulent Biennio Rosso Socialist Revolution National Revolution The Fascist ‘Revolution’ Conclusion 7 The German Revolution of 1918–1920 Introduction: Historiography of the German Labour Movement and of the German Revolution Revolutionary Traditions in the German Labour Movement Before 1918? First World War: Social Democracy, Social Movements, Russian Revolution Revolution 1918–1920: Arenas, Patterns of Action and Perceptions The Aftermath of the Revolution Conclusion 8 The First Revolution of the Twentieth Century: Fears of Socialism and Anti-Labour Mobilisation in Europe After the Russian Revolution of 1905 Introduction The Revolution of the Twentieth Century Patterns of Counter-Revolutionary Mobilisation Before 1917 Conclusion 9 For People’s Power: The Known and Unknown Revolutions in Finland (1899–1932) War and Revolution Quiet Before the Storm A Failed Revolution Russian Comrades The Question of Power Class Struggle Who Made the Class? Equal Rights Collapse of Power The Aftermath An Explanation 10 The Last Echo of 1917? The Asturian October Between Revolution and Antifascism Spain and Revolution, 1917–1934 The Asturian October Antifascism Between Revolution and Antifascism Part III Revolutionaries Between Repression and Reform 11 Vanguard to Laggard in a Revolutionary Age: Australian Labour, Democracy, Revolution and Reform Australia at the Forefront of Global Advance The Syndicalist Challenge War, Conscription, Upsurge, Democracy An Australian Revolution? A Project and Its Assessment 12 The United States in an Era of Global Revolution Revolution?—The US Case Corporate Hegemony, Informal Empire, and the Rise of Global Capitalism Ameliorative Reform Labor’s Revolt, 1909–1922 Socialist Advance—In the Municipalities Wartime Labor Mobilization and Postwar Upheaval Wartime State Repression and Local Class Reckonings A ‘Cultural’ Revolution and the Foundations of New Deal Social Democracy 13 South African Revolutionaries: 1915–1922 Introduction Workers of the World A Republic of Industrial Workers? Endpoints and Beginnings Index This edited collection offers a timely and original perspective on the many upheavals and revolutions that broke out across the world during the earlytwentieth century. With previous research tending to confine revolutions within national borders, this book sets out to place them within a broader global sphere of thought and action. The authors explore the time phase between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Asturian Revolution of 1934, including cases from South Africa, Australia, China, the Middle East and Latin America. Providing insights from leading scholars in the field, this collection highlights the interconnectedness and transnationalism of upheavals and revolutions, offering a new approach which integrates political, social and cultural history. Chapter 8 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via Link.springer.com